[{"subcat_descr":"Geographical range","min_value":null,"avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"ANNUAL","refer":"Peter's Checklist of the Birds of the World","categ_descr":"Species distribution","categ":"DISTRIB","units":null,"value":"Breeds on islands off the west coast of South Africa; occurs north to Angola and Natal.","samplesize":null,"url":"http:\/\/www.biodiversitylibrary.org\/bibliography\/14581","max_value":null},{"subcat_descr":"Geographical range","min_value":null,"avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"ANNUAL","refer":"africanbirdclub.org","categ_descr":"Species distribution","categ":"DISTRIB","units":null,"value":"Resident: inshore islands off Namibia, South Africa; rarely disperses to S Angola, S Mozambique.","samplesize":-1,"url":"http:\/\/africanbirdclub.org\/resources\/checklist.html","max_value":null},{"subcat_descr":"Geographical range","min_value":null,"avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"ANNUAL","refer":"Clements 2021","categ_descr":"Species distribution","categ":"DISTRIB","units":null,"value":"Coasts and islands off Namibia, South Africa and adj. waters","samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/www.birds.cornell.edu\/clementschecklist\/download\/","max_value":null},{"subcat_descr":"Geographical range","min_value":null,"avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"ANNUAL","refer":"Clements, version 2024","categ_descr":"Species distribution","categ":"DISTRIB","units":null,"value":"coasts and islands off Namibia, South Africa, and adjacent waters","samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/www.birds.cornell.edu\/clementschecklist\/download\/","max_value":null},{"subcat_descr":"Geographical range","min_value":null,"avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"ANNUAL","refer":"Avilist 2025","categ_descr":"Species distribution","categ":"DISTRIB","units":null,"value":"breeds coastal southern Namibia and southern South Africa; ranges to central Namibia and southeastern Africa","samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/www.avilist.org\/checklist\/v2025\/","max_value":null},{"subcat_descr":"Maximum latitude of breeding range","min_value":null,"avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"BREEDING_MAX_LAT","refer":"Tobias et al. 2021","categ_descr":"Species distribution","categ":"DISTRIB","units":"degrees","value":"-17.07","samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/ele.13898","max_value":null},{"subcat_descr":"Minimum latitude of breeding range","min_value":null,"avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"BREEDING_MIN_LAT","refer":"Tobias et al. 2021","categ_descr":"Species distribution","categ":"DISTRIB","units":"degrees","value":"-35.98","samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/ele.13898","max_value":null},{"subcat_descr":"Centroid latitude","min_value":null,"avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"CENTROID_LAT","refer":"Bird et al. 2020","categ_descr":"Species distribution","categ":"DISTRIB","units":"degrees","value":"-31.44","samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/epdf\/10.1111\/cobi.13486","max_value":null},{"subcat_descr":"Centroid latitude","min_value":null,"avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"CENTROID_LAT","refer":"Tobias et al. 2021","categ_descr":"Species distribution","categ":"DISTRIB","units":"degrees","value":"-31.44","samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/ele.13898","max_value":null},{"subcat_descr":"Centroid longitude","min_value":null,"avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"CENTROID_LON","refer":"Tobias et al. 2021","categ_descr":"Species distribution","categ":"DISTRIB","units":"degrees","value":"21.46","samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/ele.13898","max_value":null},{"subcat_descr":"Long-distance dispersal","min_value":null,"avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"DISPERSAL","refer":"Sekercioglu et al. 2025","categ_descr":"Species distribution","categ":"DISTRIB","units":null,"value":"1: Yes","samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41597-025-05615-3","max_value":null},{"subcat_descr":"Nomadic, erratic, irruptive, wandering","min_value":null,"avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"IRREGULAR","refer":"Sekercioglu et al. 2025","categ_descr":"Species distribution","categ":"DISTRIB","units":null,"value":"1: Yes","samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41597-025-05615-3","max_value":null},{"subcat_descr":"Breeding restricted to island(s)","min_value":null,"avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"ISLAND","refer":"Sekercioglu et al. 2025","categ_descr":"Species distribution","categ":"DISTRIB","units":null,"value":"0","samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41597-025-05615-3","max_value":null},{"subcat_descr":"Latitudinal range","min_value":null,"avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"LAT_RANGE","refer":"Sekercioglu et al. 2025","categ_descr":"Species distribution","categ":"DISTRIB","units":null,"value":"Tropical-Temperate","samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41597-025-05615-3","max_value":null},{"subcat_descr":"Migration strategy","min_value":null,"avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"MIGRATION","refer":"Tobias et al. 2021","categ_descr":"Species distribution","categ":"DISTRIB","units":null,"value":"Partially migratory","samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/ele.13898","max_value":null},{"subcat_descr":"Migration strategy","min_value":null,"avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"MIGRATION","refer":"Bird et al. 2020","categ_descr":"Species distribution","categ":"DISTRIB","units":null,"value":"Not a Migrant","samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/epdf\/10.1111\/cobi.13486","max_value":null},{"subcat_descr":"Total range size","min_value":null,"avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"RANGE_SIZE","refer":"Bird et al. 2020","categ_descr":"Species distribution","categ":"DISTRIB","units":"km2","value":"3920000","samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/epdf\/10.1111\/cobi.13486","max_value":null},{"subcat_descr":"Total range size","min_value":null,"avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"RANGE_SIZE","refer":"Tobias et al. 2021","categ_descr":"Species distribution","categ":"DISTRIB","units":"km2","value":"330067.23","samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/ele.13898","max_value":null},{"subcat_descr":"Total range size","min_value":null,"avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"RANGE_SIZE","refer":"Sekercioglu et al. 2025","categ_descr":"Species distribution","categ":"DISTRIB","units":"km2","value":"> 50000","samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41597-025-05615-3","max_value":null},{"subcat_descr":"Realm","min_value":null,"avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"REALM","refer":"Sekercioglu et al. 2025","categ_descr":"Species distribution","categ":"DISTRIB","units":null,"value":"Afrotropical","samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41597-025-05615-3","max_value":null},{"subcat_descr":"Realm","min_value":null,"avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"REALM","refer":"Pigot et al. 2020","categ_descr":"Species distribution","categ":"DISTRIB","units":null,"value":"Afrotropic","samplesize":-1,"url":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41559-019-1070-4","max_value":null},{"subcat_descr":"Sedentary, largely does not migrate","min_value":null,"avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"SEDENTARY","refer":"Sekercioglu et al. 2025","categ_descr":"Species distribution","categ":"DISTRIB","units":null,"value":"1: Yes","samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41597-025-05615-3","max_value":null},{"subcat_descr":"Has restricted range?","min_value":null,"avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"RESTRICTED","refer":"Birdlife's Worldbird Database","categ_descr":"Range and population size","categ":"RANGE","units":null,"value":"N","samplesize":-1,"url":null,"max_value":null},{"subcat_descr":"Altitude","min_value":"0","avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"ALT","refer":"Bird et al. 2020","categ_descr":"Habitat","categ":"HABITAT","units":"m","value":null,"samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/epdf\/10.1111\/cobi.13486","max_value":"0"},{"subcat_descr":"Altitude","min_value":"0","avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"ALT","refer":"Sekercioglu et al. 2025","categ_descr":"Habitat","categ":"HABITAT","units":"m","value":null,"samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41597-025-05615-3","max_value":"50"},{"subcat_descr":"Altitude range","min_value":null,"avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"ALT_RANGE","refer":"Sekercioglu et al. 2025","categ_descr":"Habitat","categ":"HABITAT","units":"m","value":"50","samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41597-025-05615-3","max_value":null},{"subcat_descr":"Number of major habitats used","min_value":null,"avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"BREADTH","refer":"Sekercioglu et al. 2025","categ_descr":"Habitat","categ":"HABITAT","units":null,"value":"2","samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41597-025-05615-3","max_value":null},{"subcat_descr":"Habitat density (1-3)","min_value":null,"avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"DENSITY","refer":"Tobias et al. 2021","categ_descr":"Habitat","categ":"HABITAT","units":null,"value":"Open habitats","samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/ele.13898","max_value":null},{"subcat_descr":"Habitat description","min_value":null,"avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"DESCR","refer":"Tobias et al. 2021","categ_descr":"Habitat","categ":"HABITAT","units":null,"value":"Marine","samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/ele.13898","max_value":null},{"subcat_descr":"Habitat description","min_value":null,"avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"DESCR","refer":"Bird et al. 2020","categ_descr":"Habitat","categ":"HABITAT","units":null,"value":"Marine","samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/epdf\/10.1111\/cobi.13486","max_value":null},{"subcat_descr":"Habitat description","min_value":null,"avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"DESCR","refer":"Sibley 1996","categ_descr":"Habitat","categ":"HABITAT","units":null,"value":"ocean, seacoasts","samplesize":null,"url":null,"max_value":null},{"subcat_descr":"Primary lifestyle","min_value":null,"avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"LIFESTYLE","refer":"Bird et al. 2020","categ_descr":"Habitat","categ":"HABITAT","units":null,"value":"Terrestrial","samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/epdf\/10.1111\/cobi.13486","max_value":null},{"subcat_descr":"Primary lifestyle","min_value":null,"avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"LIFESTYLE","refer":"Bird et al. 2020","categ_descr":"Habitat","categ":"HABITAT","units":null,"value":"DIURNAL","samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/epdf\/10.1111\/cobi.13486","max_value":null},{"subcat_descr":"First habitat","min_value":null,"avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"RANK_01","refer":"Sekercioglu et al. 2025","categ_descr":"Habitat","categ":"HABITAT","units":"rank","value":"SE: Open sea, pelagic","samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41597-025-05615-3","max_value":null},{"subcat_descr":"Second habitat","min_value":null,"avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"RANK_02","refer":"Sekercioglu et al. 2025","categ_descr":"Habitat","categ":"HABITAT","units":"rank","value":"C: Sea coast, mangrove, estuary, bays, shores, fjords (only sea coast), coastal dune","samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41597-025-05615-3","max_value":null},{"subcat_descr":"Number of major food types consumed","min_value":null,"avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"BREADTH","refer":"Sekercioglu et al. 2025","categ_descr":"Food and feeding habits","categ":"FOOD","units":null,"value":"2","samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41597-025-05615-3","max_value":null},{"subcat_descr":"Source used for diet data","min_value":null,"avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"DATA_SOURCE","refer":"Sekercioglu et al. 2025","categ_descr":"Food and feeding habits","categ":"FOOD","units":null,"value":"1","samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41597-025-05615-3","max_value":null},{"subcat_descr":"Main food source","min_value":null,"avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"DESCR","refer":"Sekercioglu et al. 2025","categ_descr":"Food and feeding habits","categ":"FOOD","units":null,"value":"Fish","samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41597-025-05615-3","max_value":null},{"subcat_descr":"Main food source","min_value":null,"avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"DESCR","refer":"Bird et al. 2020","categ_descr":"Food and feeding habits","categ":"FOOD","units":null,"value":"VertFishScav","samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/epdf\/10.1111\/cobi.13486","max_value":null},{"subcat_descr":"Ecological Specialization Index","min_value":null,"avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"ESI","refer":"Sekercioglu et al. 2025","categ_descr":"Food and feeding habits","categ":"FOOD","units":null,"value":"1.39794","samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41597-025-05615-3","max_value":null},{"subcat_descr":"Foraging niche","min_value":null,"avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"FORAGINGNICHE","refer":"Pigot et al. 2020","categ_descr":"Food and feeding habits","categ":"FOOD","units":null,"value":"Aquatic dive","samplesize":-1,"url":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41559-019-1070-4","max_value":null},{"subcat_descr":"Trophic level","min_value":null,"avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"TROPHICLEVEL","refer":"Pigot et al. 2020","categ_descr":"Food and feeding habits","categ":"FOOD","units":null,"value":"Carnivore","samplesize":-1,"url":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41559-019-1070-4","max_value":null},{"subcat_descr":"Trophic level","min_value":null,"avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"TROPHICLEVEL","refer":"Tobias et al. 2021","categ_descr":"Food and feeding habits","categ":"FOOD","units":null,"value":"Carnivore","samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/ele.13898","max_value":null},{"subcat_descr":"Trophic niche","min_value":null,"avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"TROPHICNICHE","refer":"Tobias et al. 2021","categ_descr":"Food and feeding habits","categ":"FOOD","units":null,"value":"Aquatic predator","samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/ele.13898","max_value":null},{"subcat_descr":"Trophic niche","min_value":null,"avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"TROPHICNICHE","refer":"Pigot et al. 2020","categ_descr":"Food and feeding habits","categ":"FOOD","units":null,"value":"Aquatic predator","samplesize":-1,"url":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41559-019-1070-4","max_value":null},{"subcat_descr":"Weight of fish in diet","min_value":null,"avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"WT_FISH","refer":"Sekercioglu et al. 2025","categ_descr":"Food and feeding habits","categ":"FOOD","units":null,"value":"8","samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41597-025-05615-3","max_value":null},{"subcat_descr":"Weight of fruits in diet","min_value":null,"avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"WT_FRUIT","refer":"Sekercioglu et al. 2025","categ_descr":"Food and feeding habits","categ":"FOOD","units":null,"value":"0","samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41597-025-05615-3","max_value":null},{"subcat_descr":"Weight of invertebrates in diet","min_value":null,"avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"WT_INVERT","refer":"Sekercioglu et al. 2025","categ_descr":"Food and feeding habits","categ":"FOOD","units":null,"value":"2","samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41597-025-05615-3","max_value":null},{"subcat_descr":"Weight of land vertebrates in diet","min_value":null,"avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"WT_LAND_VERT","refer":"Sekercioglu et al. 2025","categ_descr":"Food and feeding habits","categ":"FOOD","units":null,"value":"0","samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41597-025-05615-3","max_value":null},{"subcat_descr":"Weight of miscellaneous in diet","min_value":null,"avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"WT_MISC","refer":"Sekercioglu et al. 2025","categ_descr":"Food and feeding habits","categ":"FOOD","units":null,"value":"0","samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41597-025-05615-3","max_value":null},{"subcat_descr":"Weight of nectar in diet","min_value":null,"avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"WT_NECTAR","refer":"Sekercioglu et al. 2025","categ_descr":"Food and feeding habits","categ":"FOOD","units":null,"value":"0","samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41597-025-05615-3","max_value":null},{"subcat_descr":"Weight of plant material in diet","min_value":null,"avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"WT_PLANT","refer":"Sekercioglu et al. 2025","categ_descr":"Food and feeding habits","categ":"FOOD","units":null,"value":"0","samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41597-025-05615-3","max_value":null},{"subcat_descr":"Weight of scavenging in diet","min_value":null,"avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"WT_SCAV","refer":"Sekercioglu et al. 2025","categ_descr":"Food and feeding habits","categ":"FOOD","units":null,"value":"0","samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41597-025-05615-3","max_value":null},{"subcat_descr":"Weight of seeds in diet","min_value":null,"avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"WT_SEED","refer":"Sekercioglu et al. 2025","categ_descr":"Food and feeding habits","categ":"FOOD","units":null,"value":"0","samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41597-025-05615-3","max_value":null},{"subcat_descr":"Sum of the weighted diets","min_value":null,"avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"WT_SUM","refer":"Sekercioglu et al. 2025","categ_descr":"Food and feeding habits","categ":"FOOD","units":null,"value":"10","samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41597-025-05615-3","max_value":null},{"subcat_descr":"Bill depth (males)","min_value":"2.387","avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"BILL_DEPTH_M","refer":"Tobias et al. 2021","categ_descr":"Body measurements","categ":"BODY","units":"cm","value":"2.387","samplesize":1,"url":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/ele.13898","max_value":"2.387"},{"subcat_descr":"Bill depth (sex unknown)","min_value":"2.32","avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"BILL_DEPTH_U","refer":"Tobias et al. 2021","categ_descr":"Body measurements","categ":"BODY","units":"cm","value":"2.4254","samplesize":5,"url":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/ele.13898","max_value":"2.71"},{"subcat_descr":"Bill length (females) - Culmen","min_value":null,"avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"BILL_F","refer":"Lisleland et al. 2007","categ_descr":"Body measurements","categ":"BODY","units":"cm","value":"5.55","samplesize":25,"url":"https:\/\/esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/epdf\/10.1890\/06-2054","max_value":null},{"subcat_descr":"Bill length (males) - Culmen","min_value":null,"avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"BILL_M","refer":"Lisleland et al. 2007","categ_descr":"Body measurements","categ":"BODY","units":"cm","value":"6.05","samplesize":41,"url":"https:\/\/esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/epdf\/10.1890\/06-2054","max_value":null},{"subcat_descr":"Bill length (males) - Culmen","min_value":"6.143","avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"BILL_M","refer":"Tobias et al. 2021","categ_descr":"Body measurements","categ":"BODY","units":"cm","value":"6.143","samplesize":1,"url":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/ele.13898","max_value":"6.143"},{"subcat_descr":"Bill length (sex unknown) - Nares to tip","min_value":"2.65","avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"BILL_NARES_U","refer":"Tobias et al. 2021","categ_descr":"Body measurements","categ":"BODY","units":"cm","value":"3.095","samplesize":4,"url":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/ele.13898","max_value":"3.7"},{"subcat_descr":"Bill length (sex unknown) - Culmen","min_value":"5.84","avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"BILL_U","refer":"Tobias et al. 2021","categ_descr":"Body measurements","categ":"BODY","units":"cm","value":"6.1506","samplesize":5,"url":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/ele.13898","max_value":"6.4"},{"subcat_descr":"Bill width (males)","min_value":"1.074","avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"BILL_WIDTH_M","refer":"Tobias et al. 2021","categ_descr":"Body measurements","categ":"BODY","units":"cm","value":"1.074","samplesize":1,"url":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/ele.13898","max_value":"1.074"},{"subcat_descr":"Bill width (sex unknown)","min_value":"0.91","avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"BILL_WIDTH_U","refer":"Tobias et al. 2021","categ_descr":"Body measurements","categ":"BODY","units":"cm","value":"1.0128","samplesize":5,"url":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/ele.13898","max_value":"1.12"},{"subcat_descr":"Body mass","min_value":null,"avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"MASS","refer":"Tobias et al. 2021","categ_descr":"Body measurements","categ":"BODY","units":"g","value":"3130.11","samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/ele.13898","max_value":null},{"subcat_descr":"Body mass","min_value":null,"avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"MASS","refer":"Bird et al. 2020","categ_descr":"Body measurements","categ":"BODY","units":"grams","value":"3130.11","samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/epdf\/10.1111\/cobi.13486","max_value":null},{"subcat_descr":"Body mass","min_value":"2900","avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"MASS","refer":"Myhrvold et al. 2015","categ_descr":"Body measurements","categ":"BODY","units":"g","value":"3271.666667","samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/figshare.com\/collections\/An_amniote_life-history_database_to_perform_comparative_analyses_with_birds_mammals_and_reptiles\/3308127","max_value":"3500"},{"subcat_descr":"Body mass","min_value":null,"avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"MASS","refer":"Sekercioglu et al. 2025","categ_descr":"Body measurements","categ":"BODY","units":"g","value":"3017.5","samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41597-025-05615-3","max_value":null},{"subcat_descr":"Body mass (females)","min_value":"2960","avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"MASS_F","refer":"Sekercioglu et al. 2025","categ_descr":"Body measurements","categ":"BODY","units":"g","value":null,"samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41597-025-05615-3","max_value":null},{"subcat_descr":"Body mass (females)","min_value":"2960","avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"MASS_F","refer":"Myhrvold et al. 2015","categ_descr":"Body measurements","categ":"BODY","units":"g","value":"3200","samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/figshare.com\/collections\/An_amniote_life-history_database_to_perform_comparative_analyses_with_birds_mammals_and_reptiles\/3308127","max_value":"3200"},{"subcat_descr":"Body mass (females)","min_value":null,"avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"MASS_F","refer":"Lisleland et al. 2007","categ_descr":"Body measurements","categ":"BODY","units":"grams","value":"3200","samplesize":18,"url":"https:\/\/esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/epdf\/10.1890\/06-2054","max_value":null},{"subcat_descr":"Hatchling body mass","min_value":"60","avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"MASS_HATCH","refer":"Myhrvold et al. 2015","categ_descr":"Body measurements","categ":"BODY","units":"g","value":"60","samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/figshare.com\/collections\/An_amniote_life-history_database_to_perform_comparative_analyses_with_birds_mammals_and_reptiles\/3308127","max_value":"60"},{"subcat_descr":"Body mass (males)","min_value":"3310","avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"MASS_M","refer":"Myhrvold et al. 2015","categ_descr":"Body measurements","categ":"BODY","units":"g","value":"3600","samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/figshare.com\/collections\/An_amniote_life-history_database_to_perform_comparative_analyses_with_birds_mammals_and_reptiles\/3308127","max_value":"3600"},{"subcat_descr":"Body mass (males)","min_value":null,"avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"MASS_M","refer":"Lisleland et al. 2007","categ_descr":"Body measurements","categ":"BODY","units":"grams","value":"3600","samplesize":18,"url":"https:\/\/esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/epdf\/10.1890\/06-2054","max_value":null},{"subcat_descr":"Body mass (males)","min_value":"3310","avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"MASS_M","refer":"Sekercioglu et al. 2025","categ_descr":"Body measurements","categ":"BODY","units":"g","value":null,"samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41597-025-05615-3","max_value":null},{"subcat_descr":"Body mass (sex unknown)","min_value":"2100","avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"MASS_U","refer":"Sekercioglu et al. 2025","categ_descr":"Body measurements","categ":"BODY","units":"g","value":null,"samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41597-025-05615-3","max_value":"3700"},{"subcat_descr":"Body mass (sex unknown)","min_value":"2900","avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"MASS_U","refer":"Myhrvold et al. 2015","categ_descr":"Body measurements","categ":"BODY","units":"g","value":"3400","samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/figshare.com\/collections\/An_amniote_life-history_database_to_perform_comparative_analyses_with_birds_mammals_and_reptiles\/3308127","max_value":"3500"},{"subcat_descr":"Snout-to-vent length (adults)","min_value":"68","avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"SVL","refer":"Myhrvold et al. 2015","categ_descr":"Body measurements","categ":"BODY","units":"cm","value":"68","samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/figshare.com\/collections\/An_amniote_life-history_database_to_perform_comparative_analyses_with_birds_mammals_and_reptiles\/3308127","max_value":"68"},{"subcat_descr":"Tail length (males)","min_value":"3.1","avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"TAIL_M","refer":"Tobias et al. 2021","categ_descr":"Body measurements","categ":"BODY","units":"cm","value":"3.1","samplesize":1,"url":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/ele.13898","max_value":"3.1"},{"subcat_descr":"Tail length (sex unknown)","min_value":"1.44","avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"TAIL_U","refer":"Tobias et al. 2021","categ_descr":"Body measurements","categ":"BODY","units":"cm","value":"2.846","samplesize":5,"url":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/ele.13898","max_value":"3.68"},{"subcat_descr":"Tarsus length (males)","min_value":"2.825","avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"TARSUS_M","refer":"Tobias et al. 2021","categ_descr":"Body measurements","categ":"BODY","units":"cm","value":"2.825","samplesize":1,"url":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/ele.13898","max_value":"2.825"},{"subcat_descr":"Tarsus length (sex unknown)","min_value":"2.825","avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"TARSUS_U","refer":"Tobias et al. 2021","categ_descr":"Body measurements","categ":"BODY","units":"cm","value":"3.231","samplesize":5,"url":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/ele.13898","max_value":"3.48"},{"subcat_descr":"Hand-Wing Index (unknown)","min_value":"91.7","avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"WING_HWI_U","refer":"Tobias et al. 2021","categ_descr":"Body measurements","categ":"BODY","units":"%","value":"94.9","samplesize":4,"url":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/ele.13898","max_value":"96.9"},{"subcat_descr":"Kipps distance (unknown)","min_value":"0.31","avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"WING_KIPPS_U","refer":"Tobias et al. 2021","categ_descr":"Body measurements","categ":"BODY","units":"cm","value":"0.36","samplesize":4,"url":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/ele.13898","max_value":"0.42"},{"subcat_descr":"Wing length (unknown) - secondary1","min_value":"9.17","avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"WING_SECOND1_U","refer":"Tobias et al. 2021","categ_descr":"Body measurements","categ":"BODY","units":"cm","value":"9.49","samplesize":4,"url":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/ele.13898","max_value":"9.69"},{"subcat_descr":"Wing length (sex unknown)","min_value":"9.5","avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"WING_U","refer":"Tobias et al. 2021","categ_descr":"Body measurements","categ":"BODY","units":"cm","value":"9.85","samplesize":4,"url":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/ele.13898","max_value":"10.1"},{"subcat_descr":"Description of physical nest (shape, etc.)","min_value":null,"avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"DESCR","refer":"Sekercioglu et al. 2025","categ_descr":"Nest characteristics","categ":"NEST","units":null,"value":"burrow (in ground; also ground cavities)","samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41597-025-05615-3","max_value":null},{"subcat_descr":"Egg mass","min_value":null,"avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"MASS","refer":"Lisleland et al. 2007","categ_descr":"Eggs","categ":"EGGS","units":"grams","value":"103","samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/epdf\/10.1890\/06-2054","max_value":null},{"subcat_descr":"Egg mass","min_value":"103","avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"MASS","refer":"Myhrvold et al. 2015","categ_descr":"Eggs","categ":"EGGS","units":"g","value":"103","samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/figshare.com\/collections\/An_amniote_life-history_database_to_perform_comparative_analyses_with_birds_mammals_and_reptiles\/3308127","max_value":"107"},{"subcat_descr":"Age at first breeding","min_value":null,"avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"AGE1ST","refer":"Bird et al. 2020","categ_descr":"Reproduction","categ":"REPROD","units":"years","value":"4","samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/epdf\/10.1111\/cobi.13486","max_value":null},{"subcat_descr":"Age at first breeding","min_value":null,"avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"AGE1ST","refer":"Bird et al. 2020","categ_descr":"Reproduction","categ":"REPROD","units":"years","value":"4.021190773","samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/epdf\/10.1111\/cobi.13486","max_value":null},{"subcat_descr":"Age at first breeding (females)","min_value":"2","avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"AGE1ST_F","refer":"Myhrvold et al. 2015","categ_descr":"Reproduction","categ":"REPROD","units":"years","value":"2","samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/figshare.com\/collections\/An_amniote_life-history_database_to_perform_comparative_analyses_with_birds_mammals_and_reptiles\/3308127","max_value":"2"},{"subcat_descr":"Clutch size","min_value":"2","avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"CLUTCHSZ","refer":"Myhrvold et al. 2015","categ_descr":"Reproduction","categ":"REPROD","units":"n","value":"2","samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/figshare.com\/collections\/An_amniote_life-history_database_to_perform_comparative_analyses_with_birds_mammals_and_reptiles\/3308127","max_value":"2"},{"subcat_descr":"Clutch size","min_value":null,"avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"CLUTCHSZ","refer":"Lisleland et al. 2007","categ_descr":"Reproduction","categ":"REPROD","units":null,"value":"2","samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/epdf\/10.1890\/06-2054","max_value":null},{"subcat_descr":"Clutch size","min_value":null,"avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"CLUTCHSZ","refer":"Bird et al. 2020","categ_descr":"Reproduction","categ":"REPROD","units":"n","value":"2","samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/epdf\/10.1111\/cobi.13486","max_value":null},{"subcat_descr":"Clutch size","min_value":"2","avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"CLUTCHSZ","refer":"Sekercioglu et al. 2025","categ_descr":"Reproduction","categ":"REPROD","units":null,"value":null,"samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41597-025-05615-3","max_value":"2"},{"subcat_descr":"Colonial species","min_value":null,"avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"COLONIAL","refer":"Sekercioglu et al. 2025","categ_descr":"Reproduction","categ":"REPROD","units":null,"value":"1: Yes","samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41597-025-05615-3","max_value":null},{"subcat_descr":"Fledging period","min_value":"70","avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"FLEDGING","refer":"Sekercioglu et al. 2025","categ_descr":"Reproduction","categ":"REPROD","units":null,"value":null,"samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41597-025-05615-3","max_value":"80"},{"subcat_descr":"Fledging period","min_value":"85","avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"FLEDGING","refer":"Myhrvold et al. 2015","categ_descr":"Reproduction","categ":"REPROD","units":"days","value":"85","samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/figshare.com\/collections\/An_amniote_life-history_database_to_perform_comparative_analyses_with_birds_mammals_and_reptiles\/3308127","max_value":"85"},{"subcat_descr":"Number of breeding attempts per year","min_value":"1.5","avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"FREQ","refer":"Myhrvold et al. 2015","categ_descr":"Reproduction","categ":"REPROD","units":"n\/year","value":"1.5","samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/figshare.com\/collections\/An_amniote_life-history_database_to_perform_comparative_analyses_with_birds_mammals_and_reptiles\/3308127","max_value":"1.5"},{"subcat_descr":"Sex of bird sitting on eggs\/nest","min_value":null,"avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"INCUB_SEX","refer":"Sekercioglu et al. 2025","categ_descr":"Reproduction","categ":"REPROD","units":null,"value":"Both","samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41597-025-05615-3","max_value":null},{"subcat_descr":"Incubation period","min_value":"38","avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"INCUBATION","refer":"Sekercioglu et al. 2025","categ_descr":"Reproduction","categ":"REPROD","units":null,"value":null,"samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41597-025-05615-3","max_value":null},{"subcat_descr":"Incubation period","min_value":"39","avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"INCUBATION","refer":"Myhrvold et al. 2015","categ_descr":"Reproduction","categ":"REPROD","units":"days","value":"39.5","samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/figshare.com\/collections\/An_amniote_life-history_database_to_perform_comparative_analyses_with_birds_mammals_and_reptiles\/3308127","max_value":"40"},{"subcat_descr":"Leks","min_value":null,"avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"LEK","refer":"Sekercioglu et al. 2025","categ_descr":"Reproduction","categ":"REPROD","units":null,"value":"0: No","samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41597-025-05615-3","max_value":null},{"subcat_descr":"How nests are connected to supporting objects","min_value":null,"avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"NESTATTACHM","refer":"Chia et al. 2023","categ_descr":"Reproduction","categ":"REPROD","units":null,"value":"Basal","samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41597-023-02837-1","max_value":null},{"subcat_descr":"Location where nests are constructed","min_value":null,"avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"NESTSITE","refer":"Sekercioglu et al. 2025","categ_descr":"Reproduction","categ":"REPROD","units":null,"value":"Ground","samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41597-025-05615-3","max_value":null},{"subcat_descr":"Location where nests are constructed","min_value":null,"avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"NESTSITE","refer":"Chia et al. 2023","categ_descr":"Reproduction","categ":"REPROD","units":null,"value":"Ground; Cliff_Bank; Underground","samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41597-023-02837-1","max_value":null},{"subcat_descr":"Nest has an 'artificial' location","min_value":null,"avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"NESTSITE-ARTIFICIAL","refer":"Sheard et al. 2024","categ_descr":"Reproduction","categ":"REPROD","units":null,"value":"no","samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/geb.13783","max_value":null},{"subcat_descr":"Nest has an 'earth hole' location","min_value":null,"avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"NESTSITE-EARTHHOLE","refer":"Sheard et al. 2024","categ_descr":"Reproduction","categ":"REPROD","units":null,"value":"yes","samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/geb.13783","max_value":null},{"subcat_descr":"Nest has a 'ground' location","min_value":null,"avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"NESTSITE-GROUND","refer":"Sheard et al. 2024","categ_descr":"Reproduction","categ":"REPROD","units":null,"value":"yes","samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/geb.13783","max_value":null},{"subcat_descr":"Nest has a 'rock' location","min_value":null,"avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"NESTSITE-ROCKS","refer":"Sheard et al. 2024","categ_descr":"Reproduction","categ":"REPROD","units":null,"value":"no","samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/geb.13783","max_value":null},{"subcat_descr":"Nest has a 'tree hole' location","min_value":null,"avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"NESTSITE-TREEHOLE","refer":"Sheard et al. 2024","categ_descr":"Reproduction","categ":"REPROD","units":null,"value":"no","samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/geb.13783","max_value":null},{"subcat_descr":"Nest has a 'vegetation' location","min_value":null,"avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"NESTSITE-VEG","refer":"Sheard et al. 2024","categ_descr":"Reproduction","categ":"REPROD","units":null,"value":"no","samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/geb.13783","max_value":null},{"subcat_descr":"Nest has a 'water' location","min_value":null,"avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"NESTSITE-WATER","refer":"Sheard et al. 2024","categ_descr":"Reproduction","categ":"REPROD","units":null,"value":"no","samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/geb.13783","max_value":null},{"subcat_descr":"Nest structure","min_value":null,"avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"NESTSTRUCT","refer":"Chia et al. 2023","categ_descr":"Reproduction","categ":"REPROD","units":null,"value":"Platform; Primary Cavity; Second Cavity","samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41597-023-02837-1","max_value":null},{"subcat_descr":"Nest has a 'cavity' structure","min_value":null,"avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"NESTSTRUCT-CAVITYMOD","refer":"Sheard et al. 2024","categ_descr":"Reproduction","categ":"REPROD","units":null,"value":"no","samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/geb.13783","max_value":null},{"subcat_descr":"Nest has a 'clearing' structure","min_value":null,"avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"NESTSTRUCT-CLEARING","refer":"Sheard et al. 2024","categ_descr":"Reproduction","categ":"REPROD","units":null,"value":"no","samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/geb.13783","max_value":null},{"subcat_descr":"Nest has a 'cup' structure","min_value":null,"avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"NESTSTRUCT-CUP","refer":"Sheard et al. 2024","categ_descr":"Reproduction","categ":"REPROD","units":null,"value":"no","samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/geb.13783","max_value":null},{"subcat_descr":"Nest has a 'dome' structure","min_value":null,"avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"NESTSTRUCT-DOME","refer":"Sheard et al. 2024","categ_descr":"Reproduction","categ":"REPROD","units":null,"value":"no","samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/geb.13783","max_value":null},{"subcat_descr":"Nest has a 'dome-and-tube' structure","min_value":null,"avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"NESTSTRUCT-DOMEANDTUBE","refer":"Sheard et al. 2024","categ_descr":"Reproduction","categ":"REPROD","units":null,"value":"no","samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/geb.13783","max_value":null},{"subcat_descr":"Nest has an 'excavation' structure","min_value":null,"avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"NESTSTRUCT-EXCAVATION","refer":"Sheard et al. 2024","categ_descr":"Reproduction","categ":"REPROD","units":null,"value":"yes","samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/geb.13783","max_value":null},{"subcat_descr":"Nest has a 'excavation-with-nest' structure","min_value":null,"avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"NESTSTRUCT-EXWNEST","refer":"Sheard et al. 2024","categ_descr":"Reproduction","categ":"REPROD","units":null,"value":"no","samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/geb.13783","max_value":null},{"subcat_descr":"Nest has a 'mound' structure","min_value":null,"avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"NESTSTRUCT-MOUND","refer":"Sheard et al. 2024","categ_descr":"Reproduction","categ":"REPROD","units":null,"value":"no","samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/geb.13783","max_value":null},{"subcat_descr":"Nest has a 'none' structure","min_value":null,"avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"NESTSTRUCT-NONE","refer":"Sheard et al. 2024","categ_descr":"Reproduction","categ":"REPROD","units":null,"value":"unknown","samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/geb.13783","max_value":null},{"subcat_descr":"Nest has a 'platform' structure","min_value":null,"avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"NESTSTRUCT-PLATFORM","refer":"Sheard et al. 2024","categ_descr":"Reproduction","categ":"REPROD","units":null,"value":"unknown","samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/geb.13783","max_value":null},{"subcat_descr":"Nest has a 'ring' structure","min_value":null,"avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"NESTSTRUCT-RING","refer":"Sheard et al. 2024","categ_descr":"Reproduction","categ":"REPROD","units":null,"value":"no","samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/geb.13783","max_value":null},{"subcat_descr":"Nest has a 'scrape' structure","min_value":null,"avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"NESTSTRUCT-SCRAPE","refer":"Sheard et al. 2024","categ_descr":"Reproduction","categ":"REPROD","units":null,"value":"yes","samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/geb.13783","max_value":null},{"subcat_descr":"Parasitic breeding","min_value":null,"avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"PARASITIC","refer":"Chia et al. 2023","categ_descr":"Reproduction","categ":"REPROD","units":null,"value":"False","samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41597-023-02837-1","max_value":null},{"subcat_descr":"Adult annual survival rate","min_value":null,"avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"ADULT","refer":"Bird et al. 2020","categ_descr":"Survival","categ":"SURVIVAL","units":"annual rate","value":"0.864551745","samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/epdf\/10.1111\/cobi.13486","max_value":null},{"subcat_descr":"Adult annual survival rate","min_value":null,"avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"ADULT","refer":"Bird et al. 2020","categ_descr":"Survival","categ":"SURVIVAL","units":"annual rate","value":"81","samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/epdf\/10.1111\/cobi.13486","max_value":null},{"subcat_descr":"Average generation length (years)","min_value":"9.51441097","avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"GENERATION","refer":"Bird et al. 2020","categ_descr":"Survival","categ":"SURVIVAL","units":"years","value":"9.651411739","samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/epdf\/10.1111\/cobi.13486","max_value":"10.40408397"},{"subcat_descr":"Average generation length (years)","min_value":null,"avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"GENERATION","refer":"Birdlife 2024","categ_descr":"Survival","categ":"SURVIVAL","units":"years","value":"10.13","samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/datazone.birdlife.org\/\/species\/genlength","max_value":null},{"subcat_descr":"Maximum age","min_value":null,"avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"MAXAGE","refer":"Bird et al. 2020","categ_descr":"Survival","categ":"SURVIVAL","units":"years","value":"27.3","samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/epdf\/10.1111\/cobi.13486","max_value":null},{"subcat_descr":"Maximum age","min_value":null,"avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"MAXAGE","refer":"Bird et al. 2020","categ_descr":"Survival","categ":"SURVIVAL","units":"years","value":"25.40367705","samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/epdf\/10.1111\/cobi.13486","max_value":null},{"subcat_descr":"Maximum age","min_value":"11","avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"MAXAGE","refer":"Myhrvold et al. 2015","categ_descr":"Survival","categ":"SURVIVAL","units":"years","value":"11","samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/figshare.com\/collections\/An_amniote_life-history_database_to_perform_comparative_analyses_with_birds_mammals_and_reptiles\/3308127","max_value":"11"},{"subcat_descr":"Average survival","min_value":null,"avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"MEAN","refer":"Myhrvold et al. 2015","categ_descr":"Survival","categ":"SURVIVAL","units":"years","value":"11","samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/figshare.com\/collections\/An_amniote_life-history_database_to_perform_comparative_analyses_with_birds_mammals_and_reptiles\/3308127","max_value":null},{"subcat_descr":"Breeding success (% nests fledging young)","min_value":"25","avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"NEST","refer":"Sekercioglu et al. 2025","categ_descr":"Survival","categ":"SURVIVAL","units":"percent","value":null,"samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41597-025-05615-3","max_value":"50"},{"subcat_descr":"Population decline over 10 years","min_value":"21%","avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"POP_DECL_10YR","refer":"Bird et al. 2020","categ_descr":"Survival","categ":"SURVIVAL","units":"percent","value":"26%","samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/epdf\/10.1111\/cobi.13486","max_value":"26%"},{"subcat_descr":"Population decline over 3 generation","min_value":"50%","avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"POP_DECL_3GEN","refer":"Bird et al. 2020","categ_descr":"Survival","categ":"SURVIVAL","units":"percent","value":"50%","samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/epdf\/10.1111\/cobi.13486","max_value":"50%"},{"subcat_descr":"Pairs and family groups","min_value":null,"avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"FAMILY","refer":"Sekercioglu et al. 2025","categ_descr":"Social behaviour","categ":"SOCIAL","units":null,"value":"0: No","samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41597-025-05615-3","max_value":null},{"subcat_descr":"Social flocks","min_value":null,"avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"FLOCKS","refer":"Sekercioglu et al. 2025","categ_descr":"Social behaviour","categ":"SOCIAL","units":null,"value":"0: No","samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41597-025-05615-3","max_value":null},{"subcat_descr":"Pairs and family groups","min_value":null,"avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"PAIRS","refer":"Sekercioglu et al. 2025","categ_descr":"Social behaviour","categ":"SOCIAL","units":null,"value":"0: No","samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41597-025-05615-3","max_value":null},{"subcat_descr":"Solitary","min_value":null,"avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"SOLITARY","refer":"Sekercioglu et al. 2025","categ_descr":"Social behaviour","categ":"SOCIAL","units":null,"value":"0: No","samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41597-025-05615-3","max_value":null},{"subcat_descr":"Inability to fly","min_value":null,"avibase_id":"avibase-9B183BDD","subcateg":"FLIGHTLESS","refer":"Sekercioglu et al. 2025","categ_descr":"Behaviour","categ":"BEHAVIOUR","units":null,"value":"Yes","samplesize":null,"url":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41597-025-05615-3","max_value":null}]