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Greater Flamingo
Phoenicopterus roseus Pallas, PS 1811
Related taxa:
Species distribution
Geographical range
Value: S Europe and Medit. basin to S Africa and Indian subcontinent
Source: Clements 2021
Value: Breeds locally in the Caspian Sea region, the Kirghiz Steppes, Trans- caspia, Transcaucasia, West Siberia (Turgai), about the Persian Gulf, Ceylon(?), northwestern India, Cape Verde Islands and South Africa. Formerly in southern Spain, southern France, Tunis and Lower Egypt.
Source: Peter's Checklist of the Birds of the World
Value: southern Europe and Mediterranean basin to southern Africa and Indian subcontinent
Source: Clements, version 2024
Value: southern Europe and Mediterranean basin to southern Africa, Madagascar, and southern Asia
Source: Avilist 2025
Maximum latitude of breeding range
Value: 51.09
Units: degrees
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Minimum latitude of breeding range
Value: -34.84
Units: degrees
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Centroid latitude
Value: -8.68
Units: degrees
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Value: -8.67
Units: degrees
Source: Bird et al. 2020
Centroid longitude
Value: 28.91
Units: degrees
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Long-distance dispersal
Value: 1: Yes
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Nomadic, erratic, irruptive, wandering
Value: 1: Yes
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Breeding restricted to island(s)
Value: 0
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Latitudinal range
Value: Tropical-Temperate
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Migration strategy
Value: 1: Yes
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Value: Partially migratory
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Value: Full Migrant
Source: Bird et al. 2020
Total range size
Value: 58100000
Units: km2
Source: Bird et al. 2020
Value: 5093092.47
Units: km2
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Value: > 50000
Units: km2
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Realm
Value: Afrotropical, Palearctic, Indomalayan
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Value: Afrotropic
Source: Pigot et al. 2020
Sedentary, largely does not migrate
Value: 1: Yes
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Range and population size
Has restricted range?
Value: N
Source: Birdlife's Worldbird Database
Habitat
Altitude
Value:
Range: 0 - 0
Units: m
Source: Bird et al. 2020
Value:
Range: 0 - 3200
Units: m
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Altitude range
Value: 3200
Units: m
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Number of major habitats used
Value: 3
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Habitat density (1-3)
Value: Open habitats
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Habitat description
Value: Water
Source: agric.ncape.gov.za
Value: Wetland
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Value: Freshwater
Source: Bird et al. 2020
Value: Marine
Source: Bird et al. 2020
Primary lifestyle
Value: Terrestrial
Source: Bird et al. 2020
Value: DIURNAL
Source: Bird et al. 2020
First habitat
Value: W: Wetlands, lakes, salt lakes, marsh, reedbed
Units: rank
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Second habitat
Value: C: Sea coast, mangrove, estuary, bays, shores, fjords (only sea coast), coastal dune
Units: rank
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Third habitat
Value: A: Artificial, agricultural, farms, plantations, suburban, quarry, mine, excavation, dams and man-made lakes
Units: rank
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Food and feeding habits
Number of major food types consumed
Value: 3
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Source used for diet data
Value: 1
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Main food source
Value: Invertebrate
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Value: Omnivore
Source: Bird et al. 2020
Ecological Specialization Index
Value: 1.04576
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Foraging niche
Value: Aquatic ground
Source: Pigot et al. 2020
Trophic level
Value: Carnivore
Source: Pigot et al. 2020
Value: Carnivore
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Trophic niche
Value: Aquatic predator
Source: Pigot et al. 2020
Value: Aquatic predator
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Weight of fish in diet
Value: 0
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Weight of fruits in diet
Value: 0
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Weight of invertebrates in diet
Value: 8
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Weight of land vertebrates in diet
Value: 0
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Weight of miscellaneous in diet
Value: 0
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Weight of nectar in diet
Value: 0
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Weight of plant material in diet
Value: 1
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Weight of scavenging in diet
Value: 0
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Weight of seeds in diet
Value: 1
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Sum of the weighted diets
Value: 10
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Body measurements
Bill depth (females)
Value: 3.65
Range: 3.49 - 3.9
Units: cm
Sample: 3
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Bill depth (males)
Value: 3.99767
Range: 3.873 - 4.12
Units: cm
Sample: 3
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Bill depth (sex unknown)
Value: 3.80811
Range: 3.49 - 4.12
Units: cm
Sample: 9
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Bill length (females) - Culmen
Value: 12.1867
Range: 11.64 - 12.47
Units: cm
Sample: 3
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Bill length (males) - Culmen
Value: 13.064
Range: 12.86 - 13.17
Units: cm
Sample: 3
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Bill length (females) - Nares to tip
Value: 8.68667
Range: 8.3 - 8.91
Units: cm
Sample: 3
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Bill length (males) - Nares to tip
Value: 8.83
Range: 8.8 - 8.86
Units: cm
Sample: 2
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Bill length (sex unknown) - Nares to tip
Value: 8.64
Range: 8.07 - 8.91
Units: cm
Sample: 8
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Bill length (sex unknown) - Culmen
Value: 12.4658
Range: 11.64 - 13.17
Units: cm
Sample: 9
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Bill width (females)
Value: 2.72333
Range: 2.6 - 2.95
Units: cm
Sample: 3
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Bill width (males)
Value: 2.62967
Range: 2.53 - 2.759
Units: cm
Sample: 3
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Bill width (sex unknown)
Value: 2.59878
Range: 2.38 - 2.95
Units: cm
Sample: 9
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Body mass
Value: 3043.5
Range: 2500 - 3570
Units: g
Source: Myhrvold et al. 2015
Value: 3031.59
Units: g
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Value: 3031.59
Units: grams
Source: Bird et al. 2020
Value: 2953.66
Units: g
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Body mass (females)
Value:
Range: 2064.64 - 3300
Units: g
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Value: 2530
Range: 2525 - 2665
Units: g
Source: Myhrvold et al. 2015
Hatchling body mass
Value: 85
Range: 85 - 85
Units: g
Source: Myhrvold et al. 2015
Body mass (males)
Value: 3574.5
Range: 3516.5 - 3579
Units: g
Source: Myhrvold et al. 2015
Value:
Range: 2000 - 4450
Units: g
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Body mass (sex unknown)
Value: 3052
Range: 3052 - 3052
Units: g
Source: Myhrvold et al. 2015
Tail length (females)
Value: 12.3333
Range: 11 - 13.6
Units: cm
Sample: 3
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Tail length (males)
Value: 15.3667
Range: 13.2 - 18.9
Units: cm
Sample: 3
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Tail length (sex unknown)
Value: 13.8444
Range: 11 - 18.9
Units: cm
Sample: 9
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Tarsus length (females)
Value: 27.4
Range: 25 - 28.8
Units: cm
Sample: 3
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Tarsus length (males)
Value: 32.95
Range: 31.7 - 34.2
Units: cm
Sample: 2
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Tarsus length (sex unknown)
Value: 29.45
Range: 25 - 34.2
Units: cm
Sample: 8
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Wing length (females)
Value: 37.7333
Range: 37 - 38.5
Units: cm
Sample: 3
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Hand-Wing Index (females)
Value: 207.333
Range: 195 - 229
Units: %
Sample: 3
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Hand-Wing Index (males)
Value: 220.5
Range: 214 - 227
Units: %
Sample: 2
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Hand-Wing Index (unknown)
Value: 230.3
Range: 195 - 288
Units: %
Sample: 8
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Kipps distance (females)
Value: 17
Range: 14.8 - 19
Units: cm
Sample: 3
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Kipps distance (males)
Value: 19.9
Range: 19.2 - 20.6
Units: cm
Sample: 2
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Kipps distance (unknown)
Value: 16.395
Range: 13.27 - 20.6
Units: cm
Sample: 8
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Wing length (males)
Value: 42.5333
Range: 41.9 - 43.7
Units: cm
Sample: 3
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Wing length (females) - secondary1
Value: 20.7333
Range: 19.5 - 22.9
Units: cm
Sample: 3
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Wing length (males) - secondary1
Value: 22.05
Range: 21.4 - 22.7
Units: cm
Sample: 2
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Wing length (unknown) - secondary1
Value: 23.03
Range: 19.5 - 28.8
Units: cm
Sample: 8
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Wing length (sex unknown)
Value: 39.9
Range: 37 - 43.7
Units: cm
Sample: 9
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Nest characteristics
Description of physical nest (shape, etc.)
Value: cup, bowl; half cup, shallow
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Eggs
Egg mass
Value: 142
Range: 142 - 142.7
Units: g
Source: Myhrvold et al. 2015
Reproduction
Age at first breeding
Value: 3.452132746
Units: years
Source: Bird et al. 2020
Value: 5
Units: years
Source: Bird et al. 2020
Age at first breeding (females)
Value: 5
Range: 2.5 - 5
Units: years
Source: Myhrvold et al. 2015
Age at first breeding (males)
Value: 5
Range: 5 - 5
Units: years
Source: Myhrvold et al. 2015
Clutch size
Value: 1
Range: 1 - 1
Units: n
Source: Myhrvold et al. 2015
Value: 1
Units: n
Source: Bird et al. 2020
Value:
Range: 1 - 3
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Colonial species
Value: 1: Yes
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Cooperative breeding
Value: 1: Yes
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Fledging period
Value:
Range: 71 - 98
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Value: 72.5
Range: 72.5 - 72.5
Units: days
Source: Myhrvold et al. 2015
Number of breeding attempts per year
Value: 1.5
Range: 1.5 - 1.5
Units: n/year
Source: Myhrvold et al. 2015
Value:
Range: 1 -
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Sex of bird sitting on eggs/nest
Value: Both
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Incubation period
Value:
Range: 27 - 31
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Value: 30
Range: 29.5 - 30
Units: days
Source: Myhrvold et al. 2015
Leks
Value: 0: No
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Monogamous
Value: 1: Yes
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
How nests are connected to supporting objects
Value: Basal
Source: Chia et al. 2023
Location where nests are constructed
Value: Ground
Source: Chia et al. 2023
Value: Ground
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Nest has an 'artificial' location
Value: no
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Nest has an 'earth hole' location
Value: no
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Nest has a 'ground' location
Value: yes
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Nest has a 'rock' location
Value: no
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Nest has a 'tree hole' location
Value: no
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Nest has a 'vegetation' location
Value: no
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Nest has a 'water' location
Value: no
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Nest structure
Value: Platform
Source: Chia et al. 2023
Nest has a 'cavity' structure
Value: no
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Nest has a 'clearing' structure
Value: no
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Nest has a 'cup' structure
Value: no
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Nest has a 'dome' structure
Value: no
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Nest has a 'dome-and-tube' structure
Value: no
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Nest has an 'excavation' structure
Value: no
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Nest has a 'excavation-with-nest' structure
Value: no
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Nest has a 'mound' structure
Value: no
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Nest has a 'none' structure
Value: no
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Nest has a 'platform' structure
Value: yes
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Nest has a 'ring' structure
Value: no
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Nest has a 'scrape' structure
Value: no
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Parasitic breeding
Value: False
Source: Chia et al. 2023
Polygynous
Value: 0: No
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Survival
Adult annual survival rate
Value: 0.923761205
Units: annual rate
Source: Bird et al. 2020
Average generation length (years)
Value: 14.79
Units: years
Source: Birdlife 2024
Value: 15.60347424
Range: 14.65721599 - 17.11668161
Units: years
Source: Bird et al. 2020
Maximum age
Value: 34.0522429
Units: years
Source: Bird et al. 2020
Value: 83
Range: 13.16666667 - 83
Units: years
Source: Myhrvold et al. 2015
Value: 38.5
Units: years
Source: Bird et al. 2020
Average survival
Value: 38.5
Units: years
Source: Myhrvold et al. 2015
Population decline over 10 years
Value: 0%
Range: 0% - 0%
Units: percent
Source: Bird et al. 2020
Population decline over 3 generation
Value: 0%
Range: 0% - 0%
Units: percent
Source: Bird et al. 2020
Social behaviour
Pairs and family groups
Value: 0: No
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Social flocks
Value: 0: No
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Pairs and family groups
Value: 0: No
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Solitary
Value: 0: No
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Behaviour
Inability to fly
Value: No
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
References
- AviList Core Team. 2025. AviList: The Global Avian Checklist, v2025. https://doi.org/10.2173/avilist.v2025 https://www.avilist.org/checklist/v2025/
- Bird, Jeremy & Martin, Robert & Akcakaya, H. Resit & Gilroy, James & Burfield, Ian & Garnett, Stephen & Symes, Andy & Taylor, Joe & Sekercioglu, Cagan & Butchart, Stuart. (2020). Generation lengths of the world's birds and their implications for extinction risk. Conservation Biology. 34. 10.1111/cobi.13486. https://conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/cobi.13486
- BirdLife International. 2024. Generation lengths of the world's birds. Version 2 (November 2020). Available from https://datazone.birdlife.org https://datazone.birdlife.org//species/genlength
- Birdlife. 2005. Worldbird Database.
- Catherine Sheard, Sally E. Street, Susan D. Healy, Camille A. Troisi, Andrew D. Clark, Antonia Yovcheva, Alexis Trébaol, Karina Vanadzina, Kevin N. Lala. 2024. Nest traits for the world's birds. Global Ecology and Biogeography 33(2):206-214. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/geb.13783
- Chia, Stephanie Yuan, Yi-Ting Fang, Yi-Ting Su, Pei-Yu Tsai, Chia Hsieh, Shu-Han Tsao, Jia-Yang Juang, Chih-Ming Hung, and Mao-Ning Tuanmu. 2023. “A Global Database of Bird Nest Traits.” Scientific Data 10 (1): 923. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-023-02837-1. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41597-023-02837-1
- Clements, J. F., P. C. Rasmussen, T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, T. A. Fredericks, J. A. Gerbracht, D. Lepage, A. Spencer, S. M. Billerman, B. L. Sullivan, M. Smith, and C. L. Wood. 2024. The eBird/Clements checklist of Birds of the World: v2024. Downloaded from https://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/ https://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/
- Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, S. M. Billerman, T. A. Fredericks, J. A. Gerbracht, D. Lepage, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2021. The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: v2021. Downloaded from https://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/ https://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/
- Department of Tourism, Environment and Conservation, Northern Cape. 2006. Northern Cape's avifauna http://agric.ncape.gov.za/Ornithology/NorthernCapebirdlist.htm
- P. Myhrvold, Nathan; Baldridge, Elita; Chan, Benjamin; Sivam, Dhileep; L. Freeman, Daniel; Ernest, S. K. Morgan (2016): An amniote life-history database to perform comparative analyses with birds, mammals, and reptiles. Wiley. Collection. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.3308127.v1 https://figshare.com/collections/An_amniote_life-history_database_to_perform_comparative_analyses_with_birds_mammals_and_reptiles/3308127
- Peters, J. L. 1931-1987. Check-list of Birds of the World. 15 vols. + Index. Harvard Press. http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/14581
- Pigot, A.L., Sheard, C., Miller, E.T. et al. Macroevolutionary convergence connects morphological form to ecological function in birds. Nat Ecol Evol 4, 230–239 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-019-1070-4
- Şekercioğlu, Ç.H., Kittelberger, K.D., Mota, F.M.M. et al. BIRDBASE: A Global Dataset of Avian Biogeography, Conservation, Ecology and Life History Traits. Sci Data 12, 1558 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-025-05615-3
- Tobias, J. et al. 2022. AVONET: morphological, ecological and geographical data for all birds. Ecology Letters. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.13898 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/ele.13898
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