Bienvenido Huésped

Albatros de Galápagos

Phoebastria irrorata (Salvin, O 1883)

The waved albatross, also known as Galapagos albatross, is the only member of the family Diomedeidae located in the tropics. When they forage, they follow a straight path to a single site off the coast of Peru, about 1,000 km (620 mi) to the east. During the non-breeding season, these birds reside primarily on the Ecuadorian and Peruvian coasts. Source: Wikipedia




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Fotografía extraída de flickr.com.


Clasificación
Orden:
  Procellariiformes
Familia:
  Diomedeidae
Género:
   Phoebastria
Nombre científico:
  Phoebastria irrorata

Descripción original

Citación:
  (Salvin, O 1883)

Referencia:
   Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1883, pt.3 p.430

Año de impresión:
  1883

Protónimo:
  Diomedea irrorata

localidad tipo:
  Callao Bay, Peru.

Enlace:
  https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/91169#page/554/mode/1up

Identificadores de Avibase

Avibase ID:
  1BC289CB4D3D322D

Avibase ID:
  avibase-1BC289CB

Enlace corto:
  https://avibase.ca/1BC289CB

Número de serie taxonómico:
  TSN: 562021

Rango geográfico:

  • Phoebastria irrorata: breeds Española (Galapagos) and Isla La Plata off Ecuador; ranges to coastal waters of Ecuador and northern Peru
Fuente: Lista de verificación de Clemente
inglés:
Waved Albatross
afrikaans:
Galapagosalbatros
azerbaiyano:
Qalapaqos albatrosu
búlgaro:
Галапагоски албатрос
catalán:
Albatros de les Galápagos
checo:
albatros galapážský
danés:
Galapagosalbatros
alemán:
Galápagosalbatros
esperanto:
galapaga albatroso
español:
Albatros de Galápagos
Spanish (Spain):
Albatros de Galápagos
estonio:
galápagose albatross
vascuence:
Albatros galapagoarra
finés:
galápagosinalbatrossi
francés:
Albatros des Galapagos
croata:
smeđi albatros
húngaro:
galápagosi albatrosz
islandés:
Öldutrosi
italiano:
Albatros vermicolato
japonés:
garapagosuahoudori
japonés:
ガラパゴスアホウドリ
lituano:
Galapaginis albatrosas
holandés:
Galápagosalbatros
Nynorsk:
Galapagosalbatross
noruego:
Galapagosalbatross
polaco:
albatros galapagoski
portugués:
Albatroz-das-galápagos
Portuguese (Portugal):
albatroz-das-galápagos
ruso:
Галапагосский альбатрос
eslovaco:
albatros tropický
serbio:
Sitnopisani albatros
sueco:
galápagosalbatross
turco:
Yazılı Albatros
ucraniano:
Альбатрос галапагоський
chino:
加岛信天翁
Chinese (Traditional):
加拉巴哥信天翁

Autoridades que reconocen el concepto taxonómico:

American Ornithologists' Union 7th edition (incl. 56th suppl.):
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
American Ornithologists' Union 7th edition (incl. 57th suppl.):
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
American Ornithologists' Society 7th edition (incl. 58th suppl.):
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
American Ornithologists' Society 7th edition (incl. 59th suppl.):
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
American Ornithologists' Society 7th edition (incl. 60th suppl.):
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
American Ornithologists' Society 7th edition (incl. 61st suppl.):
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
American Ornithologists' Society 7th edition (incl. 61st suppl. and addendum):
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
American Ornithologists' Society 7th edition (incl. 62nd suppl.):
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
American Ornithologists' Society 7th edition (incl. 63rd suppl.):
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
American Ornithologists' Society 7th edition (incl. 64th suppl.):
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
American Ornithologists' Society 7th edition (incl. 65th suppl.):
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
American Ornithologists' Society 7th edition (incl. 66th suppl.):
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
Avibase taxonomic concepts (current):
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
Avibase taxonomic concepts v. 2023 (May 2023):
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
Avibase taxonomic concepts v. 2024 (Oct 2024):
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
Avibase taxonomic concepts v. 2025 (Nov 2025):
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
Avibase taxonomic concepts v. 01 (August 2013):
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
Avibase taxonomic concepts v. 02 (May 2014):
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
Avibase taxonomic concepts v. 03 (March 2015):
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
Avibase taxonomic concepts v. 04 (Aug 2016):
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
Avibase taxonomic concepts v. 05 (Jan 2017):
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
Avibase taxonomic concepts v. 06 (Feb 2018):
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
Avibase taxonomic concepts v. 07 (Feb 2020):
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
Avibase taxonomic concepts v. 08 (Feb 2021):
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
Avilist 2025:
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
Birdlife checklist version 00:
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
Birdlife checklist version 01:
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
Birdlife checklist version 02:
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
Birdlife checklist version 03:
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
Birdlife checklist version 04:
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
Birdlife checklist version 05 (Jun 2012):
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
Birdlife checklist version 05.1 (Oct 2012):
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
Birdlife checklist version 06 (Nov 2013):
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
Birdlife checklist version 06.1 (Feb 2014):
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
Birdlife checklist version 07 (Jul 2014):
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
Birdlife checklist version 08 (Oct 2015):
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
Birdlife checklist version 09 (Dec 2016):
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
Birdlife checklist version 09.1 (Jun 2017):
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
HBW and BirdLife Taxonomic Checklist v2 (Dec 2017):
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
HBW and BirdLife Taxonomic Checklist v3 (Nov 2018):
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
HBW and BirdLife Taxonomic Checklist v4 (Dec 2019):
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
HBW and BirdLife Taxonomic Checklist v5 (Dec 2020):
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
HBW and BirdLife Taxonomic Checklist v6 (Dec 2021):
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
HBW and BirdLife Taxonomic Checklist v6b (Jul 2022):
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
HBW and BirdLife Taxonomic Checklist v7 (Dec 2022):
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
HBW and BirdLife Taxonomic Checklist v8 (Dec 2023):
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
HBW and BirdLife Taxonomic Checklist v9 (Oct 2024):
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
HBW and BirdLife Taxonomic Checklist v10 (Oct 2025):
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
Commission internationale pour les noms français des oiseaux (1993, révision 2009):
Albatros des Galapagos ( Phoebastria irrorata)
Commission internationale pour les noms français des oiseaux (1993):
Albatros des Galapagos ( Phoebastria irrorata)
Clements 1st edition:
Waved Albatross ( Diomedea irrorata)
Clements, version 2021:
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
Clements, version 2022:
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
Clements, version 2023:
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
Clements, version 2024:
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
Clements, version 2025:
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
Clements 3rd edition:
Waved Albatross ( Diomedea irrorata)
Clements 4th edition:
Waved Albatross ( Diomedea irrorata)
Clements 5th edition (as published):
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
Clements 5th edition (incl. 2000 revisions):
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
Clements 5th edition (incl. 2001 revisions):
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
Clements 5th edition (incl. 2002 revisions):
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
Clements 5th edition (incl. 2003 revisions):
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
Clements 5th edition (incl. 2004 revisions):
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
Clements 5th edition (incl. 2005 revisions):
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
Clements 6th edition:
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
Clements 6th edition (incl. 2007 revisions):
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
Clements 6th edition (incl. 2008 revisions):
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
Clements 6th edition (incl. 2009 revisions):
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
Clements 6th edition (version 6.5 incl. 2010 revisions):
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
Clements 6th edition (version 6.6 incl. 2011 revisions):
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
Clements 6th edition (version 6.7 incl. 2012 revisions):
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
Clements 6th edition (version 6.8 incl. 2013 revisions):
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
Clements 6th edition (version 6.9 incl. 2014 revisions):
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
Clements, version 2015:
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
Clements, version 2016:
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
Clements, version 2017:
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
Clements, version 2018:
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
Clements, version 2019:
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
eBird version 1.50:
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
eBird version 1.52:
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
eBird version 1.53:
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
eBird version 1.54:
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
eBird version 1.55:
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
eBird version 2015:
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
eBird version 2016:
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
eBird version 2017:
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
eBird version 2018:
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
eBird version 2019:
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
eBird version 2021:
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
eBird version 2022:
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
eBird version 2023:
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
eBird version 2024:
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
eBird version 2025:
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
Howard and Moore 2nd edition:
Waved Albatross ( Diomedea irrorata)
Howard and Moore 2nd edition (incl. ? suppl):
Waved Albatross ( Diomedea irrorata)
Howard and Moore 3rd edition (as published):
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
Howard and Moore 3rd edition (incl. corrigenda 1.2):
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
Howard and Moore 3rd edition (incl. corrigenda 2.1):
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
Howard and Moore 3rd edition (incl. corrigenda 3.1):
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
Howard and Moore 3rd edition (incl. corrigenda 4):
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
Howard and Moore 3rd edition (incl. corrigenda 5):
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
Howard and Moore 3rd edition (incl. corrigenda 6):
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
Howard and Moore 3rd edition (incl. corrigenda 7):
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
Howard and Moore 3rd edition (incl. corrigenda 8):
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
Howard and Moore 4th edition (vol. 1-2):
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
Howard and Moore 4th edition (incl. corrigenda vol.1-2):
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
Handbook of the Birds of the World (vol 1-16):
Waved Albatross ( Diomedea irrorata)
Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive (31/01/2015):
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive (03/07/2017):
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
Handbook of the Birds of the World and Birdlife (Dec 2017):
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
Handbook of the Birds of the World and Birdlife (Dec 2018):
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
IOC World Bird Names, version 1.0:
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
IOC World Bird Names, version 1.1:
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
IOC World Bird Names, version 1.5:
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
IOC World Bird Names, version 1.6:
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
IOC World Bird Names, version 1.7:
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
IOC World Bird Names, version 2.0:
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
IOC World Bird Names, version 2.1:
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
IOC World Bird Names, version 2.2:
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
IOC World Bird Names, version 2.3:
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
IOC World Bird Names, version 2.4:
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
IOC World Bird Names, version 2.5:
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
IOC World Bird Names, version 2.6:
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
IOC World Bird Names, version 2.7:
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
IOC World Bird Names, version 2.8:
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
IOC World Bird Names, version 2.9:
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
IOC World Bird Names, version 2.10:
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
IOC World Bird Names, version 2.11:
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
IOC World Bird Names, version 3.1:
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
IOC World Bird Names, version 3.2:
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
IOC World Bird Names, version 3.3:
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
IOC World Bird Names, version 3.4:
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
IOC World Bird Names, version 3.5:
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
IOC World Bird Names, version 4.1:
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
IOC World Bird Names, version 4.2:
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
IOC World Bird Names, version 4.3:
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
IOC World Bird Names, version 4.4:
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
IOC World Bird Names, version 5.1:
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
IOC World Bird Names, version 5.2:
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
IOC World Bird Names, version 5.3:
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
IOC World Bird Names, version 5.4:
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
IOC World Bird Names, version 6.1:
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
IOC World Bird Names, version 6.2:
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
IOC World Bird Names, version 6.3:
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
IOC World Bird Names, version 6.4:
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
IOC World Bird Names, version 7.1:
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
IOC World Bird Names, version 7.2:
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
IOC World Bird Names, version 7.3:
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
IOC World Bird Names, version 8.1:
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
IOC World Bird Names, version 8.2:
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
IOC World Bird Names, version 9.1:
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
IOC World Bird Names, version 9.2:
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
IOC World Bird Names, version 10.1:
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
IOC World Bird Names, version 10.2:
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
IOC World Bird Names, version 11.1:
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
IOC World Bird Names, version 11.2:
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
IOC World Bird Names, version 12.1:
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
IOC World Bird Names, version 12.2:
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
IOC World Bird Names, version 13.1:
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
IOC World Bird Names, version 13.2:
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
IOC World Bird Names, version 14.1:
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
IOC World Bird Names, version 14.2:
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
IOC World Bird Names, version 15.1:
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
IOC World Bird Names, version 15.2:
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
Morony, Bock and Farrand:
Waved Albatross ( Diomedea irrorata)
Peters' Check-list of the Birds:
Diomedea irrorata
Peters' Check-list of the Birds (original):
Diomedea irrorata
Peters' Check-list of the Birds (2nd edition):
Diomedea irrorata
Sibley and Monroe (1993):
Waved Albatross ( Diomedea irrorata)
Sibley and Monroe (1993, including corrections up to 1998):
Waved Albatross ( Diomedea irrorata)
Sibley and Monroe, Birds of the World Version 2.0:
Waved Albatross ( Diomedea irrorata)
South American Classification Committee (24/10/2003):
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
South American Classification Committee (14/09/2005):
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
South American Classification Committee (16/07/2006):
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
South American Classification Committee (26/09/2007):
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
South American Classification Committee (01/05/2008):
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
South American Classification Committee (30/09/2009):
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
South American Classification Committee (19/08/2010):
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
South American Classification Committee (8/08/2011):
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
South American Classification Committee (8/02/2012):
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
South American Classification Committee (4/09/2012):
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
South American Classification Committee (17/03/2013):
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
South American Classification Committee (9/02/2014):
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
South American Classification Committee (16/02/2015):
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
South American Classification Committee (28/07/2016):
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
South American Classification Committee (22/04/2017):
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
South American Classification Committee (4/06/2018):
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
South American Classification Committee (6/06/2019):
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
South American Classification Committee (20/02/2020):
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
South American Classification Committee (8/06/2020):
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
South American Classification Committee (24/08/2021):
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
South American Classification Committee (24/07/2022):
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
South American Classification Committee (28/09/2023):
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
South American Classification Committee (27/07/2024):
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
South American Classification Committee (31/07/2025):
Waved Albatross ( Phoebastria irrorata)
Zoonomen - Zoological Nomenclature Resource:
Phoebastria irrorata
Zoonomen - Zoological Nomenclature Resource:
Phoebastria irrorata

Situación Taxonómica:

Estatus de la especie: full species

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Taxones relacionados

Resalte los taxones en una lista de verificación (que se muestra en rojo)

Otros sinónimos

Consulte también la tabla sinónimos taxonómicos.


afrikaans: Galapagosalbatros
azerbaiyano: Qalapaqos albatrosu
búlgaro: Галапагоски албатрос
catalán: Albatros de les Galápagos
checo: Albatros galapážský
Tchouvache : Галапагос альбатросĕ
danés: Galapagosalbatros
alemán: Galapagosalbatros, Galapagos-Albatros, Galápagosalbatros
inglés: Galapagos Albatross, Waved Albatross
English (Avilist): Waved Albatross
English, HBW: Waved Albatross
English (IOC): Waved Albatross
English (United States): Waved Albatross
esperanto: Galapaga albatroso
español: Albatros de Galápagos, Albatros de las Galápagos, Albatros Ondulado
Spanish (Chile): Albatros de las Galápagos
Spanish (Colombia): Albatros de Galápagos
Spanish (Costa Rica): Albatros de Galápagos
Spanish (Ecuador): Albatros de Galápagos
Spanish (Spain): Albatros de Galápagos
Spanish (HBW): Waved Albatross
Spanish (Panama): Albatros de Galápagos
Spanish (Peru): Albatros de las Galápagos
estonio: galápagose albatross
vascuence: Albatros galapagoarra
finés: Galapagosinalbatrossi, galápagosinalbatrossi
francés: Albatros des Galapagos
French (Guyane): Albatros des Galapagos
croata: smeđi albatros
húngaro: galápagosi albatrosz
islandés: Öldutrosi
italiano: Albatro marezzato, Albatro ondulato, Albatros delle Galapagos, Albatros vermicolato, delle Galapagos
japonés: garapagosuahoudori
japonés: ガラパゴスアホウドリ
kazajio: Галапагос альбатросы
kirguís: Галапагос альбатросу
Científico: Diomedea irrorata, Phoebastria irrorata
lituano: Galapaginis albatrosas
holandés: Galápagosalbatros
Nynorsk: Galapagosalbatross
noruego: Galapagosalbatross
polaco: albatros galapagoski
portugués: Albatroz-das-galápagos
Portuguese (Portugal): albatroz-das-galápagos
ruso: волнистый альбатрос, Галапагосский альбатрос
eslovaco: Albatros tenkozobý, albatros tropický
serbio: Sitnopisani albatros
sueco: Galapagosalbatross, galápagosalbatross
turco: Yazılı Albatros
ucraniano: Альбатрос галапагоський
uzbeco: Галапагос альбатроси
chino: 加岛信天翁
Chinese (Traditional): 加拉巴哥信天翁

Avibase ha recibido 505.153.965 visitas desde el 24 de junio de 2003. © Denis Lepage | Política de privacidad La traducción y adaptación de esta página al español ha sido realizada por Juan Carlos Fernández-Ordóñez