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Eastern Yellow-billed Hornbill

Tockus flavirostris (Rüppell, WPES 1835)

Related taxa:
Life history data
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Species distribution
Geographical range
Value: Resident, arid and semi-arid savannas: N, E and S Ethiopia, N and E Kenya, Somalia away from coast, extreme N Tanzania.
Source: africanbirdclub.org
Value: Ethiopia and Somalia to n Uganda and ne Tanzania
Source: Clements 2021
Value: Ethiopia and Somalia to northern Uganda and northeastern Tanzania
Source: Clements, version 2024
Value: Ethiopia and Somalia to northern Uganda and northeastern Tanzania
Source: Avilist 2025
Maximum latitude of breeding range
Value: 16.04
Units: degrees
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Minimum latitude of breeding range
Value: -4.27
Units: degrees
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Centroid latitude
Value: 5.05
Units: degrees
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Value: 5.06
Units: degrees
Source: Bird et al. 2020
Centroid longitude
Value: 41.47
Units: degrees
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Nomadic, erratic, irruptive, wandering
Value: 1: Yes
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Breeding restricted to island(s)
Value: 0
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Latitudinal range
Value: Tropical
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Migration strategy
Value: Sedentary
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Value: Not a Migrant
Source: Bird et al. 2020
Total range size
Value: 1449740.43
Units: km2
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Value: 2740000
Units: km2
Source: Bird et al. 2020
Value: > 50000
Units: km2
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Realm
Value: Afrotropical
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Value: Afrotropic
Source: Pigot et al. 2020
Sedentary, largely does not migrate
Value: 1: Yes
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Range and population size
Has restricted range?
Value: N
Source: Birdlife's Worldbird Database
Habitat
Altitude
Value:
Range: 0 - 0
Units: m
Source: Bird et al. 2020
Number of major habitats used
Value: 2
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Habitat density (1-3)
Value: Open habitats
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Habitat description
Value: Woodland
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Primary lifestyle
Value: Terrestrial
Source: Bird et al. 2020
Value: DIURNAL
Source: Bird et al. 2020
First habitat
Value: SV: Savanna, arid plains, wooded grassland, pampas, campos,
Units: rank
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Second habitat
Value: WD: Acacia woodland, tropical deciduous/dry forest, savanna woodland, palm groves, miombo woodland, thorn forest, Polylepis woodland, pine-oak woodland
Units: rank
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Food and feeding habits
Number of major food types consumed
Value: 2
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Source used for diet data
Value: 1
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Main food source
Value: Invertebrate
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Value: Invertebrate
Source: Bird et al. 2020
Ecological Specialization Index
Value: 1.39794
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Foraging niche
Value: Invertivore ground
Source: Pigot et al. 2020
Trophic level
Value: Carnivore
Source: Pigot et al. 2020
Value: Carnivore
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Trophic niche
Value: Invertivore
Source: Pigot et al. 2020
Value: Invertivore
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Weight of fish in diet
Value: 0
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Weight of fruits in diet
Value: 2
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Weight of invertebrates in diet
Value: 8
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Weight of land vertebrates in diet
Value: 0
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Weight of miscellaneous in diet
Value: 0
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Weight of nectar in diet
Value: 0
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Weight of plant material in diet
Value: 0
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Weight of scavenging in diet
Value: 0
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Weight of seeds in diet
Value: 0
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Sum of the weighted diets
Value: 10
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Body measurements
Bill depth (females)
Value: 2.96725
Range: 2.874 - 3.11
Units: cm
Sample: 4
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Bill depth (males)
Value: 3.37733
Range: 3.28 - 3.52
Units: cm
Sample: 3
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Bill depth (sex unknown)
Value: 3.143
Range: 2.874 - 3.52
Units: cm
Sample: 7
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Bill length (females) - Culmen
Value: 7.548
Range: 7.292 - 7.87
Units: cm
Sample: 4
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Value: 7.4
Units: cm
Sample: 19
Source: Lisleland et al. 2007
Bill length (males) - Culmen
Value: 9.178
Range: 8.36 - 9.68
Units: cm
Sample: 3
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Value: 8.9
Units: cm
Sample: 22
Source: Lisleland et al. 2007
Bill length (females) - Nares to tip
Value: 6.325
Range: 6.3 - 6.35
Units: cm
Sample: 2
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Bill length (males) - Nares to tip
Value: 7.44
Range: 6.72 - 8.16
Units: cm
Sample: 2
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Bill length (sex unknown) - Nares to tip
Value: 6.8825
Range: 6.3 - 8.16
Units: cm
Sample: 4
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Bill length (sex unknown) - Culmen
Value: 8.24657
Range: 7.292 - 9.68
Units: cm
Sample: 7
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Bill width (females)
Value: 1.6175
Range: 1.562 - 1.75
Units: cm
Sample: 4
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Bill width (males)
Value: 1.899
Range: 1.697 - 2.1
Units: cm
Sample: 3
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Bill width (sex unknown)
Value: 1.73814
Range: 1.562 - 2.1
Units: cm
Sample: 7
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Body mass
Value: 216.69
Units: g
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Value: 220
Range: 180.5 - 275
Units: g
Source: Myhrvold et al. 2015
Value: 216.69
Units: grams
Source: Bird et al. 2020
Value: 215.25
Units: g
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Body mass (females)
Value:
Range: 170 - 191
Units: g
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Value: 182
Range: 180.5 - 182
Units: g
Source: Myhrvold et al. 2015
Value: 182
Units: grams
Sample: 3
Source: Lisleland et al. 2007
Body mass (males)
Value: 258
Range: 250 - 258
Units: g
Source: Myhrvold et al. 2015
Value: 258
Units: grams
Sample: 3
Source: Lisleland et al. 2007
Value:
Range: 225 - 275
Units: g
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Body mass (sex unknown)
Value: 192
Range: 192 - 192
Units: g
Source: Myhrvold et al. 2015
Tail length (females)
Value: 20.275
Range: 18.7 - 22.6
Units: cm
Sample: 4
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Value: 19.4
Units: cm
Sample: 19
Source: Lisleland et al. 2007
Tail length (males)
Value: 22.1
Units: cm
Sample: 22
Source: Lisleland et al. 2007
Value: 23.1
Range: 21.8 - 24.2
Units: cm
Sample: 3
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Tail length (sex unknown)
Value: 21.4857
Range: 18.7 - 24.2
Units: cm
Sample: 7
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Tarsus length (females)
Value: 3.8
Units: cm
Sample: 13
Source: Lisleland et al. 2007
Value: 3.74
Range: 3.5 - 4.05
Units: cm
Sample: 4
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Tarsus length (males)
Value: 4
Units: cm
Sample: 16
Source: Lisleland et al. 2007
Value: 4.47767
Range: 4.32 - 4.6
Units: cm
Sample: 3
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Tarsus length (sex unknown)
Value: 4.05614
Range: 3.5 - 4.6
Units: cm
Sample: 7
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Wing length (females)
Value: 18.3
Units: cm
Sample: 27
Source: Lisleland et al. 2007
Value: 18.275
Range: 17.5 - 19
Units: cm
Sample: 4
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Hand-Wing Index (females)
Value: 144.6
Range: 139 - 150.2
Units: %
Sample: 2
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Hand-Wing Index (males)
Value: 160.45
Range: 153.7 - 167.2
Units: %
Sample: 2
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Hand-Wing Index (unknown)
Value: 152.525
Range: 139 - 167.2
Units: %
Sample: 4
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Kipps distance (females)
Value: 3.64
Range: 3.6 - 3.68
Units: cm
Sample: 2
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Kipps distance (males)
Value: 4.055
Range: 3.83 - 4.28
Units: cm
Sample: 2
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Kipps distance (unknown)
Value: 3.8475
Range: 3.6 - 4.28
Units: cm
Sample: 4
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Wing length (males)
Value: 20
Units: cm
Sample: 28
Source: Lisleland et al. 2007
Value: 20.4333
Range: 19.2 - 21.1
Units: cm
Sample: 3
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Wing length (females) - secondary1
Value: 14.46
Range: 13.9 - 15.02
Units: cm
Sample: 2
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Wing length (males) - secondary1
Value: 16.045
Range: 15.37 - 16.72
Units: cm
Sample: 2
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Wing length (unknown) - secondary1
Value: 15.2525
Range: 13.9 - 16.72
Units: cm
Sample: 4
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Wing length (sex unknown)
Value: 19.2
Range: 17.5 - 21.1
Units: cm
Sample: 7
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Nest characteristics
Description of physical nest (shape, etc.)
Value: cavity (tree)
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Eggs
Egg mass
Value: 14.7
Units: grams
Source: Lisleland et al. 2007
Value: 14.9
Range: 14.7 - 15.1
Units: g
Source: Myhrvold et al. 2015
Reproduction
Age at first breeding
Value: 1.271324423
Units: years
Source: Bird et al. 2020
Clutch size
Value:
Range: 2 - 3
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Value: 2.5
Units: n
Source: Bird et al. 2020
Value: 2.5
Source: Lisleland et al. 2007
Value: 2.45
Range: 2.4 - 2.5
Units: n
Source: Myhrvold et al. 2015
Colonial species
Value: 0: No
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Sex of bird sitting on eggs/nest
Value: Female
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Leks
Value: 0: No
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
How nests are connected to supporting objects
Value: Basal
Source: Chia et al. 2023
Location where nests are constructed
Value: Tree; Cliff_Bank
Source: Chia et al. 2023
Value: Ground; Tree
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Nest has an 'artificial' location
Value: no
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Nest has an 'earth hole' location
Value: no
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Nest has a 'ground' location
Value: no
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Nest has a 'rock' location
Value: yes
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Nest has a 'tree hole' location
Value: yes
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Nest has a 'vegetation' location
Value: no
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Nest has a 'water' location
Value: no
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Nest structure
Value: Second Cavity
Source: Chia et al. 2023
Nest has a 'cavity' structure
Value: unknown
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Nest has a 'clearing' structure
Value: no
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Nest has a 'cup' structure
Value: no
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Nest has a 'dome' structure
Value: no
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Nest has a 'dome-and-tube' structure
Value: no
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Nest has an 'excavation' structure
Value: no
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Nest has a 'excavation-with-nest' structure
Value: no
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Nest has a 'mound' structure
Value: no
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Nest has a 'none' structure
Value: unknown
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Nest has a 'platform' structure
Value: no
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Nest has a 'ring' structure
Value: no
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Nest has a 'scrape' structure
Value: no
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Parasitic breeding
Value: 0: false
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Value: False
Source: Chia et al. 2023
Host of parasitic breeding
Value: 0: false
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Survival
Adult annual survival rate
Value: 0.788809828
Units: annual rate
Source: Bird et al. 2020
Average generation length (years)
Value: 4.65
Units: years
Source: Birdlife 2024
Value: 4.566623332
Range: 3.279887169 - 5.00639325
Units: years
Source: Bird et al. 2020
Maximum age
Value: 15.40186811
Units: years
Source: Bird et al. 2020
Population decline over 10 years
Value: 4%
Range: 0% - 7%
Units: percent
Source: Bird et al. 2020
Population decline over 3 generation
Value: 5%
Range: 0% - 10%
Units: percent
Source: Bird et al. 2020
Social behaviour
Pairs and family groups
Value: 0: No
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Social flocks
Value: 0: No
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Pairs and family groups
Value: 1: Yes
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Solitary
Value: 0: No
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Behaviour
Inability to fly
Value: No
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
References

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