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Southern Ground Hornbill
Bucorvus leadbeateri (Vigors, NA 1825)
Related taxa:
Species distribution
Geographical range
Value: Savanna of e and s Africa
Source: Clements 2021
Value: Resident, woodland, savannas, grassland: Angola, W and S DRC, N Namibia to E South Africa and north to S Kenya excluding areas in S and N Mozambique.
Source: africanbirdclub.org
Value: Savannas of the southern Congo, northeastern shore of Lake Tan- ganyika, eastern Uganda and the greater part of Kenya Colony, south to northern Damaraland and eastern Cape Province.
Source: Peter's Checklist of the Birds of the World
Value: savanna of eastern and southern Africa
Source: Clements, version 2024
Value: savanna of eastern and southern Africa
Source: Avilist 2025
Maximum latitude of breeding range
Value: 1.94
Units: degrees
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Minimum latitude of breeding range
Value: -33.61
Units: degrees
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Centroid latitude
Value: -14.21
Units: degrees
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Value: -14.23
Units: degrees
Source: Bird et al. 2020
Centroid longitude
Value: 29.09
Units: degrees
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Long-distance dispersal
Value: 1: Yes
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Breeding restricted to island(s)
Value: 0
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Latitudinal range
Value: Tropical
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Migration strategy
Value: Sedentary
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Value: Not a Migrant
Source: Bird et al. 2020
Total range size
Value: 7140000
Units: km2
Source: Bird et al. 2020
Value: 4867849.88
Units: km2
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Value: > 50000
Units: km2
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Realm
Value: Afrotropical
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Value: Afrotropic
Source: Pigot et al. 2020
Sedentary, largely does not migrate
Value: 1: Yes
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Range and population size
Has restricted range?
Value: N
Source: Birdlife's Worldbird Database
Habitat
Altitude
Value:
Range: 0 - 4250
Units: m
Source: Bird et al. 2020
Value:
Range: 0 - 3000
Units: m
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Altitude range
Value: 3000
Units: m
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Number of major habitats used
Value: 3
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Habitat density (1-3)
Value: Open habitats
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Habitat description
Value: Grassland
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Value: FOREST
Source: Bird et al. 2020
Value: Freshwater
Source: Bird et al. 2020
Primary lifestyle
Value: Terrestrial
Source: Bird et al. 2020
Value: DIURNAL
Source: Bird et al. 2020
First habitat
Value: WD: Acacia woodland, tropical deciduous/dry forest, savanna woodland, palm groves, miombo woodland, thorn forest, Polylepis woodland, pine-oak woodland
Units: rank
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Second habitat
Value: SV: Savanna, arid plains, wooded grassland, pampas, campos,
Units: rank
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Third habitat
Value: G: Grasslands, high altitude flats, puna, altiplano, tundra, tussock, pastures, steppe, paramo, moorland, plateaus, open vegetation
Units: rank
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Food and feeding habits
Number of major food types consumed
Value: 3
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Source used for diet data
Value: 1
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Main food source
Value: Invertebrate
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Value: Invertebrate
Source: Bird et al. 2020
Ecological Specialization Index
Value: 1.04576
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Trophic level
Value: Carnivore
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Value: Carnivore
Source: Pigot et al. 2020
Trophic niche
Value: Omnivore
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Value: Omnivore
Source: Pigot et al. 2020
Weight of fish in diet
Value: 0
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Weight of fruits in diet
Value: Trace
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Weight of invertebrates in diet
Value: 6
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Weight of land vertebrates in diet
Value: 3
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Weight of miscellaneous in diet
Value: 0
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Weight of nectar in diet
Value: 0
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Weight of plant material in diet
Value: 0
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Weight of scavenging in diet
Value: 1
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Weight of seeds in diet
Value: Trace
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Sum of the weighted diets
Value: 10
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Body measurements
Bill depth (females)
Value: 5.285
Range: 5.07 - 5.5
Units: cm
Sample: 2
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Bill depth (males)
Value: 5.08
Range: 4.82 - 5.34
Units: cm
Sample: 2
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Bill depth (sex unknown)
Value: 5.1825
Range: 4.82 - 5.5
Units: cm
Sample: 4
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Bill length (females) - Culmen
Value: 19.2
Units: cm
Sample: 10
Source: Lisleland et al. 2007
Value: 20.15
Range: 19.5 - 20.8
Units: cm
Sample: 2
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Bill length (males) - Culmen
Value: 20.7
Units: cm
Sample: 30
Source: Lisleland et al. 2007
Value: 20.65
Range: 19.2 - 22.1
Units: cm
Sample: 2
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Bill length (females) - Nares to tip
Value: 15.55
Range: 14.9 - 16.2
Units: cm
Sample: 2
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Bill length (males) - Nares to tip
Value: 15.7
Range: 14.8 - 16.6
Units: cm
Sample: 2
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Bill length (sex unknown) - Nares to tip
Value: 15.625
Range: 14.8 - 16.6
Units: cm
Sample: 4
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Bill length (sex unknown) - Culmen
Value: 20.4
Range: 19.2 - 22.1
Units: cm
Sample: 4
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Bill width (females)
Value: 3.295
Range: 3.05 - 3.54
Units: cm
Sample: 2
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Bill width (males)
Value: 2.81
Range: 2.67 - 2.95
Units: cm
Sample: 2
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Bill width (sex unknown)
Value: 3.0525
Range: 2.67 - 3.54
Units: cm
Sample: 4
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Body mass
Value: 3920.5
Range: 3344 - 6180
Units: g
Source: Myhrvold et al. 2015
Value: 3743.62
Units: g
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Value: 4112.25
Units: g
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Value: 3743.62
Units: grams
Source: Bird et al. 2020
Body mass (females)
Value:
Range: 2230 - 4580
Units: g
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Value: 3324
Units: grams
Sample: 7
Source: Lisleland et al. 2007
Value: 3344
Range: 3324 - 3405
Units: g
Source: Myhrvold et al. 2015
Body mass (males)
Value: 4358
Units: grams
Sample: 5
Source: Lisleland et al. 2007
Value: 4358
Range: 4191 - 4819.5
Units: g
Source: Myhrvold et al. 2015
Value:
Range: 3459 - 6180
Units: g
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Body mass (sex unknown)
Value: 4000
Range: 4000 - 4000
Units: g
Source: Myhrvold et al. 2015
Tail length (females)
Value: 32.25
Range: 29.9 - 34.6
Units: cm
Sample: 2
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Tail length (males)
Value: 31.65
Range: 29.7 - 33.6
Units: cm
Sample: 2
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Tail length (sex unknown)
Value: 31.95
Range: 29.7 - 34.6
Units: cm
Sample: 4
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Tarsus length (females)
Value: 13.5
Units: cm
Sample: 7
Source: Lisleland et al. 2007
Value: 14
Range: 12.5 - 15.5
Units: cm
Sample: 2
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Tarsus length (males)
Value: 14.3
Units: cm
Sample: 21
Source: Lisleland et al. 2007
Value: 14.2
Range: 13.2 - 15.2
Units: cm
Sample: 2
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Tarsus length (sex unknown)
Value: 14.1
Range: 12.5 - 15.5
Units: cm
Sample: 4
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Wing length (females)
Value: 52.8
Units: cm
Sample: 10
Source: Lisleland et al. 2007
Value: 53.9
Range: 50.8 - 57
Units: cm
Sample: 2
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Hand-Wing Index (females)
Value: 421
Range: 408 - 434
Units: %
Sample: 2
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Hand-Wing Index (males)
Value: 425
Range: 398 - 452
Units: %
Sample: 2
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Hand-Wing Index (unknown)
Value: 423
Range: 398 - 452
Units: %
Sample: 4
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Kipps distance (females)
Value: 11.8
Range: 10 - 13.6
Units: cm
Sample: 2
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Kipps distance (males)
Value: 10.5
Range: 8.9 - 12.1
Units: cm
Sample: 2
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Kipps distance (unknown)
Value: 11.15
Range: 8.9 - 13.6
Units: cm
Sample: 4
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Wing length (males)
Value: 56
Units: cm
Sample: 33
Source: Lisleland et al. 2007
Value: 53
Range: 48.7 - 57.3
Units: cm
Sample: 2
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Wing length (females) - secondary1
Value: 42.1
Range: 40.8 - 43.4
Units: cm
Sample: 2
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Wing length (males) - secondary1
Value: 42.5
Range: 39.8 - 45.2
Units: cm
Sample: 2
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Wing length (unknown) - secondary1
Value: 42.3
Range: 39.8 - 45.2
Units: cm
Sample: 4
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Wing length (sex unknown)
Value: 53.45
Range: 48.7 - 57.3
Units: cm
Sample: 4
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Nest characteristics
Description of physical nest (shape, etc.)
Value: cavity (tree)
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Eggs
Egg mass
Value: 100.51
Range: 100.5 - 100.52
Units: g
Source: Myhrvold et al. 2015
Value: 100.5
Units: grams
Source: Lisleland et al. 2007
Reproduction
Age at first breeding
Value: 4.485977547
Units: years
Source: Bird et al. 2020
Value: 3.653071632
Units: years
Source: Bird et al. 2020
Age at first breeding (females)
Value: 4.5
Range: 3 - 6
Units: years
Source: Myhrvold et al. 2015
Age at first breeding (males)
Value: 3
Range: 3 - 3
Units: years
Source: Myhrvold et al. 2015
Clutch size
Value: 1.7
Range: 1 - 3
Units: n
Source: Myhrvold et al. 2015
Value: 2
Units: n
Source: Bird et al. 2020
Value:
Range: 1 - 3
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Colonial species
Value: 0: No
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Fledging period
Value:
Range: 86 -
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Value: 86
Range: 86 - 86
Units: days
Source: Myhrvold et al. 2015
Sex of bird sitting on eggs/nest
Value: Female
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Incubation period
Value:
Range: 37 - 43
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Value: 40
Range: 37 - 43
Units: days
Source: Myhrvold et al. 2015
Leks
Value: 0: No
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
How nests are connected to supporting objects
Value: Basal
Source: Chia et al. 2023
Location where nests are constructed
Value: Ground; Tree
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Value: Tree; Cliff_Bank
Source: Chia et al. 2023
Nest has an 'artificial' location
Value: no
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Nest has an 'earth hole' location
Value: no
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Nest has a 'ground' location
Value: no
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Nest has a 'rock' location
Value: yes
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Nest has a 'tree hole' location
Value: yes
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Nest has a 'vegetation' location
Value: no
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Nest has a 'water' location
Value: no
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Nest structure
Value: Second Cavity
Source: Chia et al. 2023
Nest has a 'cavity' structure
Value: no
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Nest has a 'clearing' structure
Value: no
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Nest has a 'cup' structure
Value: no
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Nest has a 'dome' structure
Value: no
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Nest has a 'dome-and-tube' structure
Value: no
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Nest has an 'excavation' structure
Value: no
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Nest has a 'excavation-with-nest' structure
Value: no
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Nest has a 'mound' structure
Value: no
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Nest has a 'none' structure
Value: yes
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Nest has a 'platform' structure
Value: no
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Nest has a 'ring' structure
Value: no
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Nest has a 'scrape' structure
Value: no
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Parasitic breeding
Value: False
Source: Chia et al. 2023
Yearly productivity per pair
Value:
Range: 0.11 -
Units: n young
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Survival
Adult annual survival rate
Value: 0.900384386
Units: annual rate
Source: Bird et al. 2020
Average generation length (years)
Value: 26.41
Units: years
Source: Birdlife 2024
Value: 19.94565797
Range: 13.4652539 - 19.94565797
Units: years
Source: Bird et al. 2020
Maximum age
Value: 43.47467435
Units: years
Source: Bird et al. 2020
Value: 70
Units: years
Source: Bird et al. 2020
Value: 70
Range: 70 - 70
Units: years
Source: Myhrvold et al. 2015
Average survival
Value: 70
Units: years
Source: Myhrvold et al. 2015
Population decline over 10 years
Value: 2%
Range: 0% - 4%
Units: percent
Source: Bird et al. 2020
Population decline over 3 generation
Value: 10%
Range: 1% - 21%
Units: percent
Source: Bird et al. 2020
Social behaviour
Pairs and family groups
Value: 1: Yes
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Social flocks
Value: 1: Yes
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Pairs and family groups
Value: 0: No
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Solitary
Value: 0: No
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Behaviour
Inability to fly
Value: No
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
References
- AviList Core Team. 2025. AviList: The Global Avian Checklist, v2025. https://doi.org/10.2173/avilist.v2025 https://www.avilist.org/checklist/v2025/
- Bird, Jeremy & Martin, Robert & Akcakaya, H. Resit & Gilroy, James & Burfield, Ian & Garnett, Stephen & Symes, Andy & Taylor, Joe & Sekercioglu, Cagan & Butchart, Stuart. (2020). Generation lengths of the world's birds and their implications for extinction risk. Conservation Biology. 34. 10.1111/cobi.13486. https://conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/cobi.13486
- BirdLife International. 2024. Generation lengths of the world's birds. Version 2 (November 2020). Available from https://datazone.birdlife.org https://datazone.birdlife.org//species/genlength
- Birdlife. 2005. Worldbird Database.
- Catherine Sheard, Sally E. Street, Susan D. Healy, Camille A. Troisi, Andrew D. Clark, Antonia Yovcheva, Alexis Trébaol, Karina Vanadzina, Kevin N. Lala. 2024. Nest traits for the world's birds. Global Ecology and Biogeography 33(2):206-214. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/geb.13783
- Chia, Stephanie Yuan, Yi-Ting Fang, Yi-Ting Su, Pei-Yu Tsai, Chia Hsieh, Shu-Han Tsao, Jia-Yang Juang, Chih-Ming Hung, and Mao-Ning Tuanmu. 2023. “A Global Database of Bird Nest Traits.” Scientific Data 10 (1): 923. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-023-02837-1. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41597-023-02837-1
- Clements, J. F., P. C. Rasmussen, T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, T. A. Fredericks, J. A. Gerbracht, D. Lepage, A. Spencer, S. M. Billerman, B. L. Sullivan, M. Smith, and C. L. Wood. 2024. The eBird/Clements checklist of Birds of the World: v2024. Downloaded from https://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/ https://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/
- Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, S. M. Billerman, T. A. Fredericks, J. A. Gerbracht, D. Lepage, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2021. The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: v2021. Downloaded from https://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/ https://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/
- Lislevand T, Figuerola J, Székely T. 2007. Avian body sizes in relation to fecundity, mating system, display behavior, and resource sharing. Ecology 88:1605. https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1890/06-2054
- P. Myhrvold, Nathan; Baldridge, Elita; Chan, Benjamin; Sivam, Dhileep; L. Freeman, Daniel; Ernest, S. K. Morgan (2016): An amniote life-history database to perform comparative analyses with birds, mammals, and reptiles. Wiley. Collection. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.3308127.v1 https://figshare.com/collections/An_amniote_life-history_database_to_perform_comparative_analyses_with_birds_mammals_and_reptiles/3308127
- Peter Lack. 2008. African Bird Club List of African Birds. http://africanbirdclub.org/resources/checklist.html
- Peters, J. L. 1931-1987. Check-list of Birds of the World. 15 vols. + Index. Harvard Press. http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/14581
- Pigot, A.L., Sheard, C., Miller, E.T. et al. Macroevolutionary convergence connects morphological form to ecological function in birds. Nat Ecol Evol 4, 230–239 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-019-1070-4
- Şekercioğlu, Ç.H., Kittelberger, K.D., Mota, F.M.M. et al. BIRDBASE: A Global Dataset of Avian Biogeography, Conservation, Ecology and Life History Traits. Sci Data 12, 1558 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-025-05615-3
- Tobias, J. et al. 2022. AVONET: morphological, ecological and geographical data for all birds. Ecology Letters. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.13898 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/ele.13898
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