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Hartlaub's Gull
Chroicocephalus hartlaubii (Bruch, CF 1855)
Related taxa:
Species distribution
Geographical range
Value: Resident, coasts: C Namibia - SW Cape Province.
Source: africanbirdclub.org
Value: Coastal sw Namibia to sw South Africa
Source: Clements 2021
Value: coastal southwestern Namibia to southwestern South Africa
Source: Clements, version 2024
Value: Breeds on islands in St. Helena Bay and Saldana Bay, southwestern Africa; ranges to the coasts of Great Namaqualand and Natal.
Source: Peter's Checklist of the Birds of the World
Value: coastal southwestern Namibia to southwestern South Africa
Source: Avilist 2025
Maximum latitude of breeding range
Value: -22.83
Units: degrees
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Minimum latitude of breeding range
Value: -34.84
Units: degrees
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Centroid latitude
Value: -29.68
Units: degrees
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Value: -29.68
Units: degrees
Source: Bird et al. 2020
Centroid longitude
Value: 17.14
Units: degrees
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Nomadic, erratic, irruptive, wandering
Value: 1: Yes
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Breeding restricted to island(s)
Value: 0
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Latitudinal range
Value: Tropical-Temperate
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Migration strategy
Value: Not a Migrant
Source: Bird et al. 2020
Value: Sedentary
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Total range size
Value: 69935.23
Units: km2
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Value: 225000
Units: km2
Source: Bird et al. 2020
Value: > 50000
Units: km2
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Realm
Value: Afrotropical
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Value: Afrotropic
Source: Pigot et al. 2020
Sedentary, largely does not migrate
Value: 1: Yes
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Range and population size
Has restricted range?
Value: N
Source: Birdlife's Worldbird Database
Habitat
Altitude
Value:
Range: 0 - 0
Units: m
Source: Bird et al. 2020
Value:
Range: 0 - 0
Units: m
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Altitude range
Value: 0
Units: m
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Number of major habitats used
Value: 2
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Habitat density (1-3)
Value: Open habitats
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Habitat description
Value: Marine
Source: Bird et al. 2020
Value: Coastal
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Primary lifestyle
Value: DIURNAL
Source: Bird et al. 2020
Value: Terrestrial
Source: Bird et al. 2020
First habitat
Value: C: Sea coast, mangrove, estuary, bays, shores, fjords (only sea coast), coastal dune
Units: rank
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Second habitat
Value: A: Artificial, agricultural, farms, plantations, suburban, quarry, mine, excavation, dams and man-made lakes
Units: rank
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Food and feeding habits
Number of major food types consumed
Value: 3
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Source used for diet data
Value: 1
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Main food source
Value: Carnivore
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Value: VertFishScav
Source: Bird et al. 2020
Ecological Specialization Index
Value: 1.22185
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Foraging niche
Value: Generalist
Source: Pigot et al. 2020
Trophic level
Value: Carnivore
Source: Pigot et al. 2020
Value: Carnivore
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Trophic niche
Value: Aquatic predator
Source: Pigot et al. 2020
Value: Aquatic predator
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Weight of fish in diet
Value: 4
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Weight of fruits in diet
Value: 0
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Weight of invertebrates in diet
Value: 4
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Weight of land vertebrates in diet
Value: 0
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Weight of miscellaneous in diet
Value: 0
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Weight of nectar in diet
Value: 0
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Weight of plant material in diet
Value: 0
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Weight of scavenging in diet
Value: 2
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Weight of seeds in diet
Value: 0
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Sum of the weighted diets
Value: 10
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Body measurements
Bill depth (females)
Value: 0.88
Range: 0.86 - 0.9
Units: cm
Sample: 2
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Bill depth (males)
Value: 0.91
Range: 0.88 - 0.94
Units: cm
Sample: 2
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Bill depth (sex unknown)
Value: 0.895
Range: 0.86 - 0.94
Units: cm
Sample: 4
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Bill length (females) - Culmen
Value: 3.775
Range: 3.65 - 3.9
Units: cm
Sample: 2
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Value: 3.25
Units: cm
Source: Lisleland et al. 2007
Bill length (males) - Culmen
Value: 4.12
Range: 3.97 - 4.27
Units: cm
Sample: 2
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Value: 3.38
Units: cm
Source: Lisleland et al. 2007
Bill length (females) - Nares to tip
Value: 1.565
Range: 1.52 - 1.61
Units: cm
Sample: 2
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Bill length (males) - Nares to tip
Value: 1.695
Range: 1.69 - 1.7
Units: cm
Sample: 2
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Bill length (sex unknown) - Nares to tip
Value: 1.63
Range: 1.52 - 1.7
Units: cm
Sample: 4
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Bill length (sex unknown) - Culmen
Value: 3.9475
Range: 3.65 - 4.27
Units: cm
Sample: 4
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Bill width (females)
Value: 0.46
Range: 0.44 - 0.48
Units: cm
Sample: 2
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Bill width (males)
Value: 0.51
Range: 0.51 - 0.51
Units: cm
Sample: 2
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Bill width (sex unknown)
Value: 0.485
Range: 0.44 - 0.51
Units: cm
Sample: 4
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Body mass
Value: 292
Units: g
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Value: 292
Range: 287.5 - 292
Units: g
Source: Myhrvold et al. 2015
Value: 287.5
Units: g
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Value: 292
Units: grams
Source: Bird et al. 2020
Body mass (sex unknown)
Value:
Range: 235 - 340
Units: g
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Value: 292
Range: 287.5 - 292
Units: g
Source: Myhrvold et al. 2015
Tail length (females)
Value: 9.55
Range: 9.5 - 9.6
Units: cm
Sample: 2
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Value: 10.5
Units: cm
Sample: 8
Source: Lisleland et al. 2007
Tail length (males)
Value: 10
Range: 9.8 - 10.2
Units: cm
Sample: 2
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Value: 10.7
Units: cm
Sample: 5
Source: Lisleland et al. 2007
Tail length (sex unknown)
Value: 9.775
Range: 9.5 - 10.2
Units: cm
Sample: 4
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Tarsus length (females)
Value: 4.05
Range: 3.8 - 4.3
Units: cm
Sample: 2
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Value: 4.32
Units: cm
Source: Lisleland et al. 2007
Tarsus length (males)
Value: 4.5
Units: cm
Source: Lisleland et al. 2007
Value: 4.17
Range: 4.04 - 4.3
Units: cm
Sample: 2
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Tarsus length (sex unknown)
Value: 4.11
Range: 3.8 - 4.3
Units: cm
Sample: 4
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Wing length (females)
Value: 26.6
Units: cm
Source: Lisleland et al. 2007
Value: 26.05
Range: 25.5 - 26.6
Units: cm
Sample: 2
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Hand-Wing Index (females)
Value: 118
Range: 116 - 120
Units: %
Sample: 2
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Hand-Wing Index (males)
Value: 129.5
Range: 128 - 131
Units: %
Sample: 2
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Hand-Wing Index (unknown)
Value: 123.75
Range: 116 - 131
Units: %
Sample: 4
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Kipps distance (females)
Value: 14.25
Range: 13.9 - 14.6
Units: cm
Sample: 2
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Kipps distance (males)
Value: 14.95
Range: 14.9 - 15
Units: cm
Sample: 2
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Kipps distance (unknown)
Value: 14.6
Range: 13.9 - 15
Units: cm
Sample: 4
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Wing length (males)
Value: 28
Units: cm
Source: Lisleland et al. 2007
Value: 27.9
Range: 27.7 - 28.1
Units: cm
Sample: 2
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Wing length (females) - secondary1
Value: 11.8
Range: 11.6 - 12
Units: cm
Sample: 2
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Wing length (males) - secondary1
Value: 12.95
Range: 12.8 - 13.1
Units: cm
Sample: 2
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Wing length (unknown) - secondary1
Value: 12.375
Range: 11.6 - 13.1
Units: cm
Sample: 4
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Wing length (sex unknown)
Value: 26.975
Range: 25.5 - 28.1
Units: cm
Sample: 4
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Nest characteristics
Description of physical nest (shape, etc.)
Value: scrape
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Reproduction
Age at first breeding
Value: 3
Units: years
Source: Bird et al. 2020
Value: 3.182522934
Units: years
Source: Bird et al. 2020
Clutch size
Value: 1.8
Source: Lisleland et al. 2007
Value: 1.8
Range: 1.8 - 1.8
Units: n
Source: Myhrvold et al. 2015
Value:
Range: 1 - 5
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Value: 2
Units: n
Source: Bird et al. 2020
Colonial species
Value: 1: Yes
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Fledging period
Value:
Range: 40 -
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Incubation period
Value:
Range: 25 -
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Leks
Value: 0: No
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
How nests are connected to supporting objects
Value: Basal
Source: Chia et al. 2023
Location where nests are constructed
Value: Ground; Nontree
Source: Chia et al. 2023
Value: Building; Ground
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Nest has an 'artificial' location
Value: yes
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Nest has an 'earth hole' location
Value: no
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Nest has a 'ground' location
Value: yes
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Nest has a 'rock' location
Value: no
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Nest has a 'tree hole' location
Value: no
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Nest has a 'vegetation' location
Value: yes
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Nest has a 'water' location
Value: no
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Nest structure
Value: Scrape
Source: Chia et al. 2023
Nest has a 'cavity' structure
Value: no
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Nest has a 'clearing' structure
Value: no
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Nest has a 'cup' structure
Value: no
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Nest has a 'dome' structure
Value: no
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Nest has a 'dome-and-tube' structure
Value: no
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Nest has an 'excavation' structure
Value: no
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Nest has a 'excavation-with-nest' structure
Value: no
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Nest has a 'mound' structure
Value: no
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Nest has a 'none' structure
Value: unknown
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Nest has a 'platform' structure
Value: no
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Nest has a 'ring' structure
Value: no
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Nest has a 'scrape' structure
Value: unknown
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Parasitic breeding
Value: False
Source: Chia et al. 2023
Survival
Adult annual survival rate
Value: 0.846057328
Units: annual rate
Source: Bird et al. 2020
Average generation length (years)
Value: 7.744240036
Range: 7.088110835 - 8.678447599
Units: years
Source: Bird et al. 2020
Value: 8.27
Units: years
Source: Birdlife 2024
Maximum age
Value: 19.73336787
Units: years
Source: Bird et al. 2020
Population decline over 10 years
Value: 0%
Range: 0% - 0%
Units: percent
Source: Bird et al. 2020
Population decline over 3 generation
Value: 0%
Range: 0% - 0%
Units: percent
Source: Bird et al. 2020
Social behaviour
Pairs and family groups
Value: 0: No
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Social flocks
Value: 0: No
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Pairs and family groups
Value: 0: No
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Solitary
Value: 0: No
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Behaviour
Inability to fly
Value: No
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
References
- AviList Core Team. 2025. AviList: The Global Avian Checklist, v2025. https://doi.org/10.2173/avilist.v2025 https://www.avilist.org/checklist/v2025/
- Bird, Jeremy & Martin, Robert & Akcakaya, H. Resit & Gilroy, James & Burfield, Ian & Garnett, Stephen & Symes, Andy & Taylor, Joe & Sekercioglu, Cagan & Butchart, Stuart. (2020). Generation lengths of the world's birds and their implications for extinction risk. Conservation Biology. 34. 10.1111/cobi.13486. https://conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/cobi.13486
- BirdLife International. 2024. Generation lengths of the world's birds. Version 2 (November 2020). Available from https://datazone.birdlife.org https://datazone.birdlife.org//species/genlength
- Birdlife. 2005. Worldbird Database.
- Catherine Sheard, Sally E. Street, Susan D. Healy, Camille A. Troisi, Andrew D. Clark, Antonia Yovcheva, Alexis Trébaol, Karina Vanadzina, Kevin N. Lala. 2024. Nest traits for the world's birds. Global Ecology and Biogeography 33(2):206-214. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/geb.13783
- Chia, Stephanie Yuan, Yi-Ting Fang, Yi-Ting Su, Pei-Yu Tsai, Chia Hsieh, Shu-Han Tsao, Jia-Yang Juang, Chih-Ming Hung, and Mao-Ning Tuanmu. 2023. “A Global Database of Bird Nest Traits.” Scientific Data 10 (1): 923. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-023-02837-1. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41597-023-02837-1
- Clements, J. F., P. C. Rasmussen, T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, T. A. Fredericks, J. A. Gerbracht, D. Lepage, A. Spencer, S. M. Billerman, B. L. Sullivan, M. Smith, and C. L. Wood. 2024. The eBird/Clements checklist of Birds of the World: v2024. Downloaded from https://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/ https://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/
- Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, S. M. Billerman, T. A. Fredericks, J. A. Gerbracht, D. Lepage, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2021. The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: v2021. Downloaded from https://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/ https://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/
- Lislevand T, Figuerola J, Székely T. 2007. Avian body sizes in relation to fecundity, mating system, display behavior, and resource sharing. Ecology 88:1605. https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1890/06-2054
- P. Myhrvold, Nathan; Baldridge, Elita; Chan, Benjamin; Sivam, Dhileep; L. Freeman, Daniel; Ernest, S. K. Morgan (2016): An amniote life-history database to perform comparative analyses with birds, mammals, and reptiles. Wiley. Collection. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.3308127.v1 https://figshare.com/collections/An_amniote_life-history_database_to_perform_comparative_analyses_with_birds_mammals_and_reptiles/3308127
- Peter Lack. 2008. African Bird Club List of African Birds. http://africanbirdclub.org/resources/checklist.html
- Peters, J. L. 1931-1987. Check-list of Birds of the World. 15 vols. + Index. Harvard Press. http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/14581
- Pigot, A.L., Sheard, C., Miller, E.T. et al. Macroevolutionary convergence connects morphological form to ecological function in birds. Nat Ecol Evol 4, 230–239 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-019-1070-4
- Şekercioğlu, Ç.H., Kittelberger, K.D., Mota, F.M.M. et al. BIRDBASE: A Global Dataset of Avian Biogeography, Conservation, Ecology and Life History Traits. Sci Data 12, 1558 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-025-05615-3
- Tobias, J. et al. 2022. AVONET: morphological, ecological and geographical data for all birds. Ecology Letters. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.13898 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/ele.13898
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