Welcome Guest

Black-backed Oriole

Icterus abeillei (Lesson, RP 1839)

The black-backed oriole is a species of bird in the family Icteridae. It is endemic to Mexico. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest and subtropical or tropical moist montane forest, but it is also found in cities. It is one of the few species that can consume monarch butterflies due to evolving a tolerance to their natural poison. Source: Wikipedia




(0 votes)
Photo powered by flickr.com.


Classification
Order:
  Passeriformes
Family:
  Icteridae
Genus:
   Icterus
Scientific:
  Icterus abeillei


Original description

Citation:
  (Lesson, RP 1839)

Reference:
   Rev. Zool. Soc. Cuvierienne 2 p.101

Protonym:
  Xanthornus Abeillei

Type locality:
  Mexico.

Link:
  https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2299087


Avibase identifiers

Avibase ID:
  6055C1FB3CDC8231

Avibase ID:
  avibase-6055C1FB

Short link:
  https://avibase.ca/6055C1FB


Taxonomic Serial Number:
  TSN: 560565

Geographic range:

  • Icterus abeillei: Riparian woodlands of central plateau and eastern Mexico
English:
Black-backed Oriole
Catalan:
turpial endolat
Czech:
trupiál černohřbetý
Danish:
Sortflanket Trupial
German:
Schwarzmanteltrupial
Spanish:
Turpial Dorsinegro
Spanish (Spain):
Turpial Dorsinegro
Finnish:
meksikonlehtoturpiaali
French:
Oriole d'Abeillé
Croatian:
bjelokrili vranjak
Hungarian:
feketehátú trupiál
Italian:
Oriolo dorsonero
Japanese (romaji):
mekishikomukudorimodoki
Japanese:
メキシコムクドリモドキ
Lithuanian:
Juodnugarė volungenė
Dutch:
Zwartstuittroepiaal
Norwegian Nynorsk:
Svartryggtrupial
Norwegian:
Svartryggtrupial
Polish:
kacyk czarnogrzbiety
Portuguese:
corrupião-alvinegro
Portuguese (Portugal):
corrupião-de-dorso-preto
Russian:
Мексиканский трупиал
Slovak:
trupiál čiernochrbtý
Serbian:
Američka crnoleđa vuga
Swedish:
svartryggig trupial
Ukrainian:
Трупіал чорноспинний
Chinese:
黑背拟鹂
Chinese (Traditional):
黑背擬黃鸝


Authorities recognizing this taxonomic concept:

American Ornithologists' Union 6th edition (incl. 40th suppl.):
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
American Ornithologists' Union 6th edition (incl. 41st suppl.):
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
American Ornithologists' Union 7th edition (1998):
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
American Ornithologists' Union 7th edition (incl. 42nd suppl.):
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
American Ornithologists' Union 7th edition (incl. 43rd suppl.):
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
American Ornithologists' Union 7th edition (incl. 44th suppl.):
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
American Ornithologists' Union 7th edition (incl. 45th suppl.):
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
American Ornithologists' Union 7th edition (incl. 46th suppl.):
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
American Ornithologists' Union 7th edition (incl. 47th suppl.):
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
American Ornithologists' Union 7th edition (incl. 48th suppl.):
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
American Ornithologists' Union 7th edition (incl. 49th suppl.):
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
American Ornithologists' Union 7th edition (incl. 50th suppl.):
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
American Ornithologists' Union 7th edition (incl. 51st suppl.):
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
American Ornithologists' Union 7th edition (incl. 52nd suppl.):
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
American Ornithologists' Union 7th edition (incl. 53rd suppl.):
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
American Ornithologists' Union 7th edition (incl. 54th suppl.):
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
American Ornithologists' Union 7th edition (incl. 55th suppl.):
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
American Ornithologists' Union 7th edition (incl. 56th suppl.):
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
American Ornithologists' Union 7th edition (incl. 57th suppl.):
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
American Ornithologists' Society 7th edition (incl. 58th suppl.):
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
American Ornithologists' Society 7th edition (incl. 59th suppl.):
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
American Ornithologists' Society 7th edition (incl. 60th suppl.):
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
American Ornithologists' Society 7th edition (incl. 61st suppl.):
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
American Ornithologists' Society 7th edition (incl. 61st suppl. and addendum):
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
American Ornithologists' Society 7th edition (incl. 62nd suppl.):
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
American Ornithologists' Society 7th edition (incl. 63rd suppl.):
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
American Ornithologists' Society 7th edition (incl. 64th suppl.):
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
American Ornithologists' Society 7th edition (incl. 65th suppl.):
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei)
Avibase taxonomic concepts (current):
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
Avibase taxonomic concepts v. 2023 (May 2023):
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
Avibase taxonomic concepts v. 2024 (Oct 2024):
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
Avibase taxonomic concepts v. 01 (August 2013):
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
Avibase taxonomic concepts v. 02 (May 2014):
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
Avibase taxonomic concepts v. 03 (March 2015):
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
Avibase taxonomic concepts v. 04 (Aug 2016):
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
Avibase taxonomic concepts v. 05 (Jan 2017):
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
Avibase taxonomic concepts v. 06 (Feb 2018):
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
Avibase taxonomic concepts v. 07 (Feb 2020):
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
Avibase taxonomic concepts v. 08 (Feb 2021):
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
Birdlife checklist version 00:
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
Birdlife checklist version 01:
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
Birdlife checklist version 02:
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
Birdlife checklist version 03:
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
Birdlife checklist version 04:
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
Birdlife checklist version 05 (Jun 2012):
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
Birdlife checklist version 05.1 (Oct 2012):
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
Birdlife checklist version 06 (Nov 2013):
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
Birdlife checklist version 06.1 (Feb 2014):
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
Birdlife checklist version 07 (Jul 2014):
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
Birdlife checklist version 08 (Oct 2015):
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
Birdlife checklist version 09 (Dec 2016):
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
Birdlife checklist version 09.1 (Jun 2017):
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
HBW and BirdLife Taxonomic Checklist v2 (Dec 2017):
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
HBW and BirdLife Taxonomic Checklist v3 (Nov 2018):
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
HBW and BirdLife Taxonomic Checklist v4 (Dec 2019):
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
HBW and BirdLife Taxonomic Checklist v5 (Dec 2020):
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
HBW and BirdLife Taxonomic Checklist v6 (Dec 2021):
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
HBW and BirdLife Taxonomic Checklist v6b (Jul 2022):
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
HBW and BirdLife Taxonomic Checklist v7 (Dec 2022):
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
HBW and BirdLife Taxonomic Checklist v8 (Dec 2023):
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
Commission internationale pour les noms français des oiseaux (1993, révision 2009):
Oriole d'Abeillé ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
Commission internationale pour les noms français des oiseaux (1993):
Oriole d'Abeillé ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
Clements 1st edition:
Abeille Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
Clements, version 2021:
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
Clements, version 2022:
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
Clements, version 2023:
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
Clements 4th edition:
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
Clements 5th edition (as published):
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
Clements 5th edition (incl. 2000 revisions):
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
Clements 5th edition (incl. 2001 revisions):
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
Clements 5th edition (incl. 2002 revisions):
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
Clements 5th edition (incl. 2003 revisions):
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
Clements 5th edition (incl. 2004 revisions):
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
Clements 5th edition (incl. 2005 revisions):
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
Clements 6th edition:
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
Clements 6th edition (incl. 2007 revisions):
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
Clements 6th edition (incl. 2008 revisions):
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
Clements 6th edition (incl. 2009 revisions):
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
Clements 6th edition (version 6.5 incl. 2010 revisions):
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
Clements 6th edition (version 6.6 incl. 2011 revisions):
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
Clements 6th edition (version 6.7 incl. 2012 revisions):
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
Clements 6th edition (version 6.8 incl. 2013 revisions):
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
Clements 6th edition (version 6.9 incl. 2014 revisions):
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
Clements, version 2015:
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
Clements, version 2016:
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
Clements, version 2017:
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
Clements, version 2018:
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
Clements, version 2019:
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
eBird version 1.50:
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
eBird version 1.52:
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
eBird version 1.53:
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
eBird version 1.54:
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
eBird version 1.55:
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
eBird version 2015:
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
eBird version 2016:
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
eBird version 2017:
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
eBird version 2018:
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
eBird version 2019:
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
eBird version 2021:
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
eBird version 2022:
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
eBird version 2023:
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
Howard and Moore 2nd edition:
Icterus galbula abeillei [version 1]
Howard and Moore 3rd edition (as published):
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
Howard and Moore 3rd edition (incl. corrigenda 1.2):
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
Howard and Moore 3rd edition (incl. corrigenda 2.1):
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
Howard and Moore 3rd edition (incl. corrigenda 3.1):
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
Howard and Moore 3rd edition (incl. corrigenda 4):
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
Howard and Moore 3rd edition (incl. corrigenda 5):
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
Howard and Moore 3rd edition (incl. corrigenda 6):
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
Howard and Moore 3rd edition (incl. corrigenda 7):
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
Howard and Moore 3rd edition (incl. corrigenda 8):
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
Howard and Moore 4th edition (vol. 1-2):
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
Howard and Moore 4th edition (incl. corrigenda vol.1-2):
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
Handbook of the Birds of the World (vol 1-16):
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive (31/01/2015):
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive (03/07/2017):
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
Handbook of the Birds of the World and Birdlife (Dec 2017):
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
Handbook of the Birds of the World and Birdlife (Dec 2018):
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 1.0:
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 1.1:
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 1.5:
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 1.6:
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 1.7:
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 2.0:
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 2.1:
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 2.2:
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 2.3:
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 2.4:
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 2.5:
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 2.6:
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 2.7:
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 2.8:
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 2.9:
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 2.10:
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 2.11:
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 3.1:
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 3.2:
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 3.3:
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 3.4:
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 3.5:
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 4.1:
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 4.2:
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 4.3:
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 4.4:
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 5.1:
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 5.2:
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 5.3:
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 5.4:
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 6.1:
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 6.2:
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 6.3:
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 6.4:
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 7.1:
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 7.2:
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 7.3:
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 8.1:
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 8.2:
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 9.1:
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 9.2:
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 10.1:
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 10.2:
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 11.1:
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 11.2:
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 12.1:
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 12.2:
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 13.1:
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 13.2:
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 14.1:
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 14.2:
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
Peters' Check-list of the Birds (original):
Icterus galbula abeillei [version 1]
Peters' Check-list of the Birds (2nd edition):
Icterus galbula abeillei [version 1]
Sibley and Monroe, Birds of the World Version 2.0:
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
Working Group Avian Checklists, version 0.01:
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
Working Group Avian Checklists, version 0.02:
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
Working Group Avian Checklists, version 0.03:
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
Working Group Avian Checklists, version 0.04 (7/07/2024):
Black-backed Oriole ( Icterus abeillei) [version 1]
Zoonomen - Zoological Nomenclature Resource:
Icterus abeillei [version 1]
Zoonomen - Zoological Nomenclature Resource:
Icterus abeillei [version 1]

Taxonomic status:

Species status: full species (sometimes a subspecies)

This taxon is considered a subspecies of Icterus [galbula, bullockii or abeillei] (sensu lato) by some authors

Your sightings

You must be logged in to view your sighting details. To register to myAvibase click here.

Related taxa

Highlight taxa in a checklist (shown in red)

Other related concepts

Other synonyms

See also the taxonomic synonyms table.


Catalan: turpial endolat
Czech: trupiál černohřbetý
Danish: Sortflanket Trupial
German: Mixico Trupial, Schwarzmanteltrupial
English: Abeille Oriole, Abeille's Oriole, Abeillé's Oriole, Black-backed Oriole, Mexican oriole
English, HBW: Black-backed Oriole
English (IOC): Black-backed Oriole
English (United States): Black-backed Oriole
Esperanto: Nigradorsa iktero
Spanish: bolsero espalda negra, Calandria Flancos Negros, Ictérido anaranjado, Turpial Dorsinegro, Turpial Oscuro
Spanish (Spain): Turpial Dorsinegro
Spanish (HBW): Black-backed Oriole
Spanish (Mexico): bolsero espalda negra, Calandria Flancos Negros
Finnish: meksikonlehtoturpiaali
French: Oriole d’Abeillé, Oriole d'Abeillé, Oriole de Baltimore
Croatian: bjelokrili vranjak
Hungarian: feketehátú trupiál
Italian: Oriolo dorsonero
Japanese (romaji): boruchimoamukudorimodoki, mekishikomukudorimodoki
Japanese: ボルチモアムクドリモドキ, メキシコムクドリモドキ
Scientific: Icterus abeillei, Icterus galbula abeillei, Xanthornus Abeillei
Lithuanian: Juodnugarė volungenė
Latvian: Abelē vālodze
Dutch: Noordelije troepiaal, Zwartstuittroepiaal
Norwegian Nynorsk: Svartryggtrupial
Norwegian: Svartryggtrupial
Polish: kacyk czarnogrzbiety
Portuguese: corrupião-alvinegro
Portuguese (Portugal): corrupião-de-dorso-preto
Russian: Мексиканский трупиал
Slovak: trupiál čiernochrbtý
Serbian: Američka crnoleđa vuga
Swedish: Svartryggad trupial, svartryggig trupial
Turkish: Kara sırtlı turpiyal
Ukrainian: Трупіал чорноспинний
Chinese: 黑背拟鹂
Chinese (Traditional): 黑背擬黃鸝

Avibase has been visited 403,494,789 times since 24 June 2003. © Denis Lepage | Privacy policy