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Western Long-tailed Hornbill

Horizocerus albocristatus (Cassin, J 1848)

Related taxa:
Life history data
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Species distribution
Maximum latitude of breeding range
Value: 8.9
Units: degrees
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Minimum latitude of breeding range
Value: 4.35
Units: degrees
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Centroid latitude
Value: 6.8
Units: degrees
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Value: 6.8
Units: degrees
Source: Bird et al. 2020
Centroid longitude
Value: -6.05
Units: degrees
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Breeding restricted to island(s)
Value: 0
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Latitudinal range
Value: Tropical
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Migration strategy
Value: Sedentary
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Value: Not a Migrant
Source: Bird et al. 2020
Total range size
Value: 580000
Units: km2
Source: Bird et al. 2020
Value: 479716.63
Units: km2
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Value: > 50000
Units: km2
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Realm
Value: Afrotropical
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Sedentary, largely does not migrate
Value: 1: Yes
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Habitat
Altitude
Value:
Range: 0 - 1200
Units: m
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Value:
Range: 0 - 1500
Units: m
Source: Bird et al. 2020
Altitude range
Value: 1200
Units: m
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Number of major habitats used
Value: 3
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Habitat density (1-3)
Value: Dense habitats
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Habitat description
Value: Forest
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Value: Freshwater
Source: Bird et al. 2020
Value: FOREST
Source: Bird et al. 2020
Primary lifestyle
Value: DIURNAL
Source: Bird et al. 2020
Value: Terrestrial
Source: Bird et al. 2020
First habitat
Value: F: Forest, secondary forest, swamp forest, tree-fall gaps, taiga, igapo, varzea
Units: rank
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Second habitat
Value: RV: Riparian, riverine, gallery forest, stream, running water, wooded ravines
Units: rank
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Third habitat
Value: SH: Shrubland, scrub, secondary growth (with few trees), cerrado, campo, karoo, thickets, roadside growth, heaths, copses, hedgerow, vine tangle, caatinga, chaco
Units: rank
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Food and feeding habits
Number of major food types consumed
Value: 3
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Source used for diet data
Value: 1
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Main food source
Value: Invertebrate
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Value: Invertebrate
Source: Bird et al. 2020
Ecological Specialization Index
Value: 1.04576
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Trophic level
Value: Carnivore
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Trophic niche
Value: Invertivore
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Weight of fish in diet
Value: 0
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Weight of fruits in diet
Value: 2
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Weight of invertebrates in diet
Value: 6
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Weight of land vertebrates in diet
Value: 2
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Weight of miscellaneous in diet
Value: 0
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Weight of nectar in diet
Value: 0
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Weight of plant material in diet
Value: 0
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Weight of scavenging in diet
Value: 0
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Weight of seeds in diet
Value: 0
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Sum of the weighted diets
Value: 10
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Body measurements
Bill depth (females)
Value: 3.27433
Range: 3.144 - 3.38
Units: cm
Sample: 3
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Bill depth (males)
Value: 3.64183
Range: 3.482 - 3.967
Units: cm
Sample: 6
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Bill depth (sex unknown)
Value: 3.51933
Range: 3.144 - 3.967
Units: cm
Sample: 9
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Bill length (females) - Culmen
Value: 7.86133
Range: 7.416 - 8.5
Units: cm
Sample: 3
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Bill length (males) - Culmen
Value: 9.53267
Range: 8.6 - 10.768
Units: cm
Sample: 6
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Bill length (females) - Nares to tip
Value: 7.1
Range: 7.1 - 7.1
Units: cm
Sample: 1
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Bill length (males) - Nares to tip
Value: 7.79
Range: 7.6 - 8.01
Units: cm
Sample: 3
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Bill length (sex unknown) - Nares to tip
Value: 7.6175
Range: 7.1 - 8.01
Units: cm
Sample: 4
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Bill length (sex unknown) - Culmen
Value: 8.97556
Range: 7.416 - 10.768
Units: cm
Sample: 9
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Bill width (females)
Value: 2.20467
Range: 2.117 - 2.32
Units: cm
Sample: 3
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Bill width (males)
Value: 2.54883
Range: 2.4 - 2.83
Units: cm
Sample: 6
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Bill width (sex unknown)
Value: 2.43411
Range: 2.117 - 2.83
Units: cm
Sample: 9
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Body mass
Value: 289.4
Units: g
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Value: 289.4
Units: grams
Source: Bird et al. 2020
Value: 289.5
Units: g
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Body mass (females)
Value:
Range: 276 - 288
Units: g
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Body mass (males)
Value:
Range: 279 - 315
Units: g
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Tail length (females)
Value: 31.5333
Range: 20 - 44.3
Units: cm
Sample: 3
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Tail length (males)
Value: 43.9167
Range: 37.7 - 50.5
Units: cm
Sample: 6
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Tail length (sex unknown)
Value: 39.7889
Range: 20 - 50.5
Units: cm
Sample: 9
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Tarsus length (females)
Value: 3.487
Range: 3.241 - 3.64
Units: cm
Sample: 3
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Tarsus length (males)
Value: 3.63483
Range: 3.36 - 3.9
Units: cm
Sample: 6
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Tarsus length (sex unknown)
Value: 3.58556
Range: 3.241 - 3.9
Units: cm
Sample: 9
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Wing length (females)
Value: 21.4333
Range: 20.2 - 23.1
Units: cm
Sample: 3
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Hand-Wing Index (females)
Value: 195.9
Range: 195.9 - 195.9
Units: %
Sample: 1
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Hand-Wing Index (males)
Value: 203.567
Range: 200.7 - 208.8
Units: %
Sample: 3
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Hand-Wing Index (unknown)
Value: 201.65
Range: 195.9 - 208.8
Units: %
Sample: 4
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Kipps distance (females)
Value: 3.51
Range: 3.51 - 3.51
Units: cm
Sample: 1
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Kipps distance (males)
Value: 3.84333
Range: 3.68 - 4.03
Units: cm
Sample: 3
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Kipps distance (unknown)
Value: 3.76
Range: 3.51 - 4.03
Units: cm
Sample: 4
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Wing length (males)
Value: 24.25
Range: 23.8 - 24.7
Units: cm
Sample: 6
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Wing length (females) - secondary1
Value: 19.59
Range: 19.59 - 19.59
Units: cm
Sample: 1
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Wing length (males) - secondary1
Value: 20.3567
Range: 20.07 - 20.88
Units: cm
Sample: 3
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Wing length (unknown) - secondary1
Value: 20.165
Range: 19.59 - 20.88
Units: cm
Sample: 4
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Wing length (sex unknown)
Value: 23.3111
Range: 20.2 - 24.7
Units: cm
Sample: 9
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Nest characteristics
Description of physical nest (shape, etc.)
Value: cavity (tree)
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Reproduction
Age at first breeding
Value: 2.131729235
Units: years
Source: Bird et al. 2020
Clutch size
Value: 2
Units: n
Source: Bird et al. 2020
Value:
Range: 2 - 2
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Colonial species
Value: 0: No
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Cooperative breeding
Value: 0: No
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Sex of bird sitting on eggs/nest
Value: Female
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Leks
Value: 0: No
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
How nests are connected to supporting objects
Value: Basal
Source: Chia et al. 2023
Location where nests are constructed
Value: Tree; Nontree
Source: Chia et al. 2023
Value: Stump; Tree
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Nest has an 'artificial' location
Value: no
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Nest has an 'earth hole' location
Value: no
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Nest has a 'ground' location
Value: no
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Nest has a 'rock' location
Value: no
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Nest has a 'tree hole' location
Value: yes
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Nest has a 'vegetation' location
Value: no
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Nest has a 'water' location
Value: no
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Nest structure
Value: Second Cavity
Source: Chia et al. 2023
Nest has a 'cavity' structure
Value: yes
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Nest has a 'clearing' structure
Value: no
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Nest has a 'cup' structure
Value: no
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Nest has a 'dome' structure
Value: no
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Nest has a 'dome-and-tube' structure
Value: no
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Nest has an 'excavation' structure
Value: no
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Nest has a 'excavation-with-nest' structure
Value: no
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Nest has a 'mound' structure
Value: no
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Nest has a 'none' structure
Value: no
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Nest has a 'platform' structure
Value: no
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Nest has a 'ring' structure
Value: no
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Nest has a 'scrape' structure
Value: no
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Parasitic breeding
Value: False
Source: Chia et al. 2023
Value: 0: false
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Host of parasitic breeding
Value: 0: false
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Survival
Adult annual survival rate
Value: 0.815971249
Units: annual rate
Source: Bird et al. 2020
Average generation length (years)
Value: 5.570852764
Range: 4.428806635 - 6.565662762
Units: years
Source: Bird et al. 2020
Value: 5.41
Units: years
Source: Birdlife 2024
Maximum age
Value: 13.98513087
Units: years
Source: Bird et al. 2020
Population decline over 10 years
Value: 4%
Range: 0% - 9%
Units: percent
Source: Bird et al. 2020
Population decline over 3 generation
Value: 7%
Range: 1% - 14%
Units: percent
Source: Bird et al. 2020
Social behaviour
Pairs and family groups
Value: 0: No
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Social flocks
Value: 0: No
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Pairs and family groups
Value: 1: Yes
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Solitary
Value: 0: No
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Behaviour
Inability to fly
Value: No
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
References
  • Bird, Jeremy & Martin, Robert & Akcakaya, H. Resit & Gilroy, James & Burfield, Ian & Garnett, Stephen & Symes, Andy & Taylor, Joe & Sekercioglu, Cagan & Butchart, Stuart. (2020). Generation lengths of the world's birds and their implications for extinction risk. Conservation Biology. 34. 10.1111/cobi.13486. https://conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/cobi.13486
  • BirdLife International. 2024. Generation lengths of the world's birds. Version 2 (November 2020). Available from https://datazone.birdlife.org https://datazone.birdlife.org//species/genlength
  • Catherine Sheard, Sally E. Street, Susan D. Healy, Camille A. Troisi, Andrew D. Clark, Antonia Yovcheva, Alexis Trébaol, Karina Vanadzina, Kevin N. Lala. 2024. Nest traits for the world's birds. Global Ecology and Biogeography 33(2):206-214. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/geb.13783
  • Chia, Stephanie Yuan, Yi-Ting Fang, Yi-Ting Su, Pei-Yu Tsai, Chia Hsieh, Shu-Han Tsao, Jia-Yang Juang, Chih-Ming Hung, and Mao-Ning Tuanmu. 2023. “A Global Database of Bird Nest Traits.” Scientific Data 10 (1): 923. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-023-02837-1. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41597-023-02837-1
  • Şekercioğlu, Ç.H., Kittelberger, K.D., Mota, F.M.M. et al. BIRDBASE: A Global Dataset of Avian Biogeography, Conservation, Ecology and Life History Traits. Sci Data 12, 1558 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-025-05615-3
  • Tobias, J. et al. 2022. AVONET: morphological, ecological and geographical data for all birds. Ecology Letters. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.13898 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/ele.13898

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