Classification

Original description

Citation:
  (Pallas, PS 1764)

Reference:
   Adumbr., in Bered. Cat. Vog. Dier. [Vroeg]

Protonym:
  Sterna albifrons

Type locality:
  Maassche Land (Holland).

Avibase identifiers

Avibase ID:
  943CDEAC72EBBFA6

Avibase ID:
  avibase-943CDEAC

Short link:
  https://avibase.ca/943CDEAC

Taxonomic Serial Number:
  TSN: 824126

Geographic range:

• Sternula albifrons: breeds southwestern Europe and southwestern Russia, central Asia, Mongolia to southeastern Russia, Japan, eastern China, Taiwan and Vietnam; northern and western Africa; Persian Gulf and Iraq to Indus Valley (Pakistan) and Gangetic Plain (north-central India); Sri Lanka; Gulf of Thailand, Malay Peninsula, Singapore, and islands off Greater Sundas; off New Britain (southeastern Bismarck Archipelago), Bougainville (northern Solomon Islands); coastal Australia including Tasmania; and Saipan (southern Northern Mariana Islands, northwestern Micronesia); winters in southern portions of range
• Sternula albifrons albifrons: Europe to western Asia and western Indian Ocean; winters Africa to India
• Sternula albifrons innominata: islands in Persian Gulf
• Sternula albifrons sinensis: resident northern India and Sri Lanka eastward to southeastern Asia, Philippines, and northern Australia; also breeds southeastern Siberia and Japan south to southeastern China, wintering to New Guinea and Australia
• Sternula albifrons placens: eastern Australia and eastern Tasmania
• Sternula albifrons guineae: Ghana to Gabon
• Sternula saundersi: breeds Red Sea and Persian Gulf to islands between India and Sri Lanka; apparently winters mainly Seychelles to Maldives and Cocos (Keeling) Island
• Sternula antillarum: Great Plains to Texas and northern Louisiana; central California and Gulf of California coasts to Oaxaca (western Mexico), El Salvador, and Nicaragua; western North Atlantic coast from Maine to Florida, Gulf of Mexico, and Caribbean Sea from Bahamas to Lesser Antilles, islands off Yucatán Peninsula, Belize, and northern Honduras, and islands north of Venezuela; winters to coasts of northern South America
• Sternula antillarum antillarum: eastern USA to Honduras, Caribbean, and the Guianas; winters to northern Brazil
• Sternula antillarum browni: southern California to Baja California and western Mexico; winters to Central America
• Sternula antillarum athalassos: northern Great Plains to Louisiana and Texas; winters to northern Brazil
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