Welcome Guest

Madeira Petrel

Pterodroma madeira Mathews, GM 1934

Zino's petrel or freira is a species of small seabird in the gadfly petrel genus, endemic to the island of Madeira. This long-winged petrel has a grey back and wings, with a dark "W" marking across the wings, and a grey upper tail. The undersides of the wings are blackish apart from a triangle of white at the front edge near the body, and the belly is white with grey flanks. It is very similar in appearance to the slightly larger Fea's petrel, and separating these two Macaronesian species at sea is very challenging. It was formerly considered to be a subspecies of the soft-plumaged petrel, P. mollis, but they are not closely related, and Zino's was raised to the status of a species because of differences in morphology, calls, breeding behaviour and mitochondrial DNA. It is Europe's most endangered seabird, with breeding areas restricted to a few ledges high in the central mountains of Madeira. Source: Wikipedia




(0 votes)
Photo powered by flickr.com.


Classification
Order:
  Procellariiformes
Family:
  Procellariidae
Genus:
   Pterodroma
Scientific:
  Pterodroma madeira


Original description

Citation:
  Mathews, GM 1934

Reference:
   Bull. Brit. Orn. Club 54 p.161

Protonym:
  Pterodroma mollis madeira

Type locality:
  Madeira.

Link:
  https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/125287#page/201/mode/1up


Avibase identifiers

Avibase ID:
  A6EA486B4C3CA2A5

Avibase ID:
  avibase-A6EA486B

Short link:
  https://avibase.ca/A6EA486B


Taxonomic Serial Number:
  TSN: 562558


ENDANGERED

Geographic range:

  • Pterodroma madeira: Highlands of Madeira I.; ranges e Atlantic Ocean
English:
Madeira Petrel
Catalan:
Petrell de Madeira
Czech:
buřňák madeirský
Danish:
Madeirapetrel
German:
Madeirasturmvogel
Spanish:
Petrel Freira
Spanish (Spain):
Petrel Freira
Finnish:
madeiranviistäjä
French:
Pétrel de Madère
Croatian:
madeirski zovoj
Hungarian:
Maderiai viharmadár
Icelandic:
Brekadrúði
Italian:
Petrello di Madera
Japanese (romaji):
madeiramizunagidori
Japanese:
マデイラミズナギドリ
Lithuanian:
Madeirinis audrašauklis
Dutch:
Freira
Norwegian Nynorsk:
Madeirapetrell
Norwegian:
Madeirapetrell
Polish:
petrel maderski
Portuguese:
grazina-da-madeira / freira
Portuguese (Brazil):
grazina-da-madeira
Portuguese (Portugal):
Freira-da-madeira
Russian:
Мадейрский тайфунник
Slovak:
tajfúnnik madeirský
Serbian:
Maderska burnica
Swedish:
madeirapetrell
Ukrainian:
Тайфунник мадерійський
Chinese:
马德拉圆尾鹱
Chinese (Traditional):
馬迪拉圓尾鸌


Authorities recognizing this taxonomic concept:

African Bird Club Checklist 2004:
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
African Bird Club Checklist August 2005:
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
African Bird Club Checklist March 2007:
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
African Bird Club Checklist January 2008:
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
African Bird Club Checklist May 2009:
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
African Bird Club Checklist March 2010:
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
American Ornithologists' Union 7th edition (incl. 56th suppl.):
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira)
American Ornithologists' Union 7th edition (incl. 57th suppl.):
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira)
American Ornithologists' Society 7th edition (incl. 58th suppl.):
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira)
American Ornithologists' Society 7th edition (incl. 59th suppl.):
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira)
American Ornithologists' Society 7th edition (incl. 60th suppl.):
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira)
American Ornithologists' Society 7th edition (incl. 61st suppl.):
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira)
American Ornithologists' Society 7th edition (incl. 61st suppl. and addendum):
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira)
American Ornithologists' Society 7th edition (incl. 62nd suppl.):
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira)
American Ornithologists' Society 7th edition (incl. 63rd suppl.):
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira)
American Ornithologists' Society 7th edition (incl. 64th suppl.):
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira)
American Ornithologists' Society 7th edition (incl. 65th suppl.):
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira)
Avibase taxonomic concepts (current):
Madeira Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
Avibase taxonomic concepts v. 2023 (May 2023):
Madeira Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
Avibase taxonomic concepts v. 01 (August 2013):
Madeira Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
Avibase taxonomic concepts v. 02 (May 2014):
Madeira Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
Avibase taxonomic concepts v. 03 (March 2015):
Madeira Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
Avibase taxonomic concepts v. 04 (Aug 2016):
Madeira Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
Avibase taxonomic concepts v. 05 (Jan 2017):
Madeira Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
Avibase taxonomic concepts v. 06 (Feb 2018):
Madeira Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
Avibase taxonomic concepts v. 07 (Feb 2020):
Madeira Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
Avibase taxonomic concepts v. 08 (Feb 2021):
Madeira Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
Birdlife checklist version 00:
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
Birdlife checklist version 01:
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
Birdlife checklist version 02:
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
Birdlife checklist version 03:
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
Birdlife checklist version 04:
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
Birdlife checklist version 05 (Jun 2012):
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
Birdlife checklist version 05.1 (Oct 2012):
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
Birdlife checklist version 06 (Nov 2013):
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
Birdlife checklist version 06.1 (Feb 2014):
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
Birdlife checklist version 07 (Jul 2014):
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
Birdlife checklist version 08 (Oct 2015):
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
Birdlife checklist version 09 (Dec 2016):
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
Birdlife checklist version 09.1 (Jun 2017):
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
HBW and BirdLife Taxonomic Checklist v2 (Dec 2017):
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
HBW and BirdLife Taxonomic Checklist v3 (Nov 2018):
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
HBW and BirdLife Taxonomic Checklist v4 (Dec 2019):
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
HBW and BirdLife Taxonomic Checklist v5 (Dec 2020):
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
HBW and BirdLife Taxonomic Checklist v6 (Dec 2021):
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
HBW and BirdLife Taxonomic Checklist v6b (Jul 2022):
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
HBW and BirdLife Taxonomic Checklist v7 (Dec 2022):
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
HBW and BirdLife Taxonomic Checklist v8 (Dec 2023):
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
Commission internationale pour les noms français des oiseaux (1993, révision 2009):
Pétrel de Madère ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
Commission internationale pour les noms français des oiseaux (1993):
Pétrel de Madère ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
Clements, version 2021:
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
Clements, version 2022:
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
Clements, version 2023:
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
Clements 4th edition:
Madeira Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
Clements 5th edition (as published):
Madeira Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
Clements 5th edition (incl. 2000 revisions):
Madeira Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
Clements 5th edition (incl. 2001 revisions):
Madeira Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
Clements 5th edition (incl. 2002 revisions):
Madeira Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
Clements 5th edition (incl. 2003 revisions):
Madeira Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
Clements 5th edition (incl. 2004 revisions):
Madeira Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
Clements 5th edition (incl. 2005 revisions):
Madeira Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
Clements 6th edition:
Madeira Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
Clements 6th edition (incl. 2007 revisions):
Madeira Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
Clements 6th edition (incl. 2008 revisions):
Madeira (Zino's) Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
Clements 6th edition (incl. 2009 revisions):
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
Clements 6th edition (version 6.5 incl. 2010 revisions):
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
Clements 6th edition (version 6.6 incl. 2011 revisions):
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
Clements 6th edition (version 6.7 incl. 2012 revisions):
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
Clements 6th edition (version 6.8 incl. 2013 revisions):
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
Clements 6th edition (version 6.9 incl. 2014 revisions):
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
Clements, version 2015:
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
Clements, version 2016:
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
Clements, version 2017:
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
Clements, version 2018:
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
Clements, version 2019:
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
eBird version 1.50:
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
eBird version 1.52:
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
eBird version 1.53:
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
eBird version 1.54:
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
eBird version 1.55:
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
eBird version 2015:
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
eBird version 2016:
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
eBird version 2017:
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
eBird version 2018:
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
eBird version 2019:
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
eBird version 2021:
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
eBird version 2022:
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
eBird version 2023:
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
Howard and Moore 2nd edition:
Madeira Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
Howard and Moore 2nd edition (incl. ? suppl):
Madeira Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
Howard and Moore 3rd edition (as published):
Madeira Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
Howard and Moore 3rd edition (incl. corrigenda 1.2):
Madeira Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
Howard and Moore 3rd edition (incl. corrigenda 2.1):
Madeira Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
Howard and Moore 3rd edition (incl. corrigenda 3.1):
Madeira Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
Howard and Moore 3rd edition (incl. corrigenda 4):
Madeira Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
Howard and Moore 3rd edition (incl. corrigenda 5):
Madeira Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
Howard and Moore 3rd edition (incl. corrigenda 6):
Madeira Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
Howard and Moore 3rd edition (incl. corrigenda 7):
Madeira Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
Howard and Moore 3rd edition (incl. corrigenda 8):
Madeira Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
Howard and Moore 4th edition (vol. 1-2):
Madeira Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
Howard and Moore 4th edition (incl. corrigenda vol.1-2):
Madeira Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
Handbook of the Birds of the World (vol 1-16):
Madeira Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive (31/01/2015):
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive (03/07/2017):
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
Handbook of the Birds of the World and Birdlife (Dec 2017):
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
Handbook of the Birds of the World and Birdlife (Dec 2018):
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 1.0:
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 1.1:
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 1.5:
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 1.6:
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 1.7:
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 2.0:
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 2.1:
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 2.2:
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 2.3:
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 2.4:
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 2.5:
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 2.6:
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 2.7:
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 2.8:
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 2.9:
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 2.10:
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 2.11:
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 3.1:
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 3.2:
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 3.3:
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 3.4:
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 3.5:
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 4.1:
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 4.2:
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 4.3:
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 4.4:
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 5.1:
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 5.2:
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 5.3:
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 5.4:
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 6.1:
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 6.2:
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 6.3:
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 6.4:
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 7.1:
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 7.2:
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 7.3:
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 8.1:
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 8.2:
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 9.1:
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 9.2:
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 10.1:
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 10.2:
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 11.1:
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 11.2:
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 12.1:
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 12.2:
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 13.1:
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 13.2:
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 14.1:
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
Peters' Check-list of the Birds (2nd edition):
Pterodroma mollis madeira [version 1]
Sibley and Monroe (1993):
Madeira Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
Sibley and Monroe (1993, including corrections up to 1998):
Madeira Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
Sibley and Monroe, Birds of the World Version 2.0:
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
Working Group Avian Checklists, version 0.01:
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
Working Group Avian Checklists, version 0.02:
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
Working Group Avian Checklists, version 0.03:
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
Working Group Avian Checklists, version 0.04 (7/07/2024):
Zino's Petrel ( Pterodroma madeira) [version 1]
Zoonomen - Zoological Nomenclature Resource:
Pterodroma madeira [version 1]
Zoonomen - Zoological Nomenclature Resource:
Pterodroma madeira [version 1]

Taxonomic status:

Species status: full species

This taxon is considered a subspecies of Pterodroma [mollis, madeira, feae or deserta] (sensu lato) by some authors

Your sightings

You must be logged in to view your sighting details. To register to myAvibase click here.

Related taxa

Highlight taxa in a checklist (shown in red)

Other related concepts

Other synonyms

See also the taxonomic synonyms table.


Afrikaans: Madeirastormvoël
Asturian: Petrel freira
Belarusian: Мадэйрскі тайфуннiк
Bulgarian: Мадейрански буревестник, Мадейрски сивоопашат тайфунник
Catalan: Petrell de Madeira, Petrell freira
Montenegrin: maderska burnica, мадерска бурница
Montenegrin (Cyrillic): мадерска бурница
Czech: Burnák madeirský, buřňák madeirský
Welsh: Pedryn Madeira
Danish: Madeirapetrel, Madeira-petrel
German: Madeirasturmvogel, Madeira-Sturmvogel, Weichfedern-Sturmvogel, Weichfeder-Sturmvogel-madeira
Greek: Θυελλoπoύλι της Μαδέρας, Πτεροδρόμος της Μαδέρας
English: Freira, Friera, Madeira (Zino's) Petrel, Madeira Petrel, Soft-plumaged petrel, Zino's Petrel, Zino's Soft-plumaged Petrel
English, HBW: Zino's Petrel
English (IOC): Zino's Petrel
English (United States): Zino's Petrel
Esperanto: Madejra petrelo, Monaĥinpetrelo
Spanish: Fardela Freira, Petrel de Madeira, Petrel Freira
Spanish (Spain): Petrel Freira
Spanish (HBW): Petrel freira
Estonian: madeira tormilind
Basque: Madeirako petrel
Finnish: Madeiranviistäjä
French: Diablotin de Madère, Pétrel de Madère, Pétrel soyeux de Madère
Frisian: Madeirastoarmfûgel
Irish: Peadairín clúmhach Maidéarach, Peitreal Maidéire
Galician: Freira da Madeira, Pardela de Madeira
Hebrew: סערון מדירה
Croatian: madeirski zovoj
Hungarian: madeirai viharmadár, Maderiai viharmadár
Icelandic: Brekadrúði
Italian: Berta di Madera, Petrello di Madeira, Petrello di Madera
Japanese (romaji): madeiramizunagidori
Japanese: マデイラミズナギドリ
Scientific: Pterodroma madeira, Pterodroma madeira madeira, Pterodroma mollis madeira
Lithuanian: Madeirinis audrašauklis
Latvian: Madeiras vētrasputns
Macedonian: Мадеирски буревесник
Maltese: kanġu ta' Zino
Dutch: donsstormvogel, Freira, Madeira stormvogel, Madeirastormvogel, Madeira-stormvogel, Zino-donsstormvogel
Norwegian Nynorsk: Madeirapetrell
Norwegian: Madeirapetrell
Polish: petrel maderski
Portuguese: Freira, Freira da Madeira, grazina-da-madeira / freira
Portuguese (Brazil): grazina-da-madeira
Portuguese (Portugal): Freira-da-madeira
Rhaeto-Romance: Pitrel da Madeira
Romanian: Petrel de Madeira
Russian: Мадейрский тайфунник
Northern Sami: Madeirastoarbmaloddi
Slovak: tajfúnnik madeirský
Slovenian: madeirski švigavec, Zelenortski švigavec
Serbian: Maderska burnica
Swedish: Madeirapetrell, Smalnäbbad sammetspetrell
Turkish: Freyr fırtınakuşu, Freyra, Madeira fırtınakusu, Madeira fırtınakuşu
Ukrainian: Тайфунник мадерійський
Chinese: 马德拉圆尾鹱
Chinese (Traditional): 馬迪拉圓尾鸌

Avibase has been visited 398,282,825 times since 24 June 2003. © Denis Lepage | Privacy policy