Welcome Guest

White-plumed Antbird

Pithys albifrons (Linnaeus, C 1766)

The white-plumed antbird is a small species of insectivorous bird found in the understories of rainforests. It is smaller than most species of its family (Thamnophilidae), weighing 26 grams on average. The family Thamnophilidae is known commonly as the antbirds, as they use the presence of ants to locate food. This species is largely solitary except during the breeding season, and different individuals will follow individual ant swarms. Source: Wikipedia




(0 votes)
Photo powered by flickr.com.


Classification
Order:
  Passeriformes
Family:
  Thamnophilidae
Genus:
   Pithys
Scientific:
  Pithys albifrons


Original description

Citation:
  (Linnaeus, C 1766)

Reference:
   Systema Naturae ed. 12, vol. 1, part 1

Protonym:
  Pipra albifrons

Type locality:
  Guiana = Cayenne, fide Hellmayr.

Link:
  https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/137337#page/343/mode/1up


Avibase identifiers

Avibase ID:
  A7350D0521BE40EA

Avibase ID:
  avibase-A7350D05

Short link:
  https://avibase.ca/A7350D05


Taxonomic Serial Number:
  TSN: 562211

Geographic range:

  • Pithys albifrons albifrons: southern Venezuela to the Guianas and Brazil north of the Amazon River (east bank of Rio Negro eastward to Amapá)
  • Pithys albifrons [peruvianus or brevibarba]: eastern Colombia to western Venezuela, north-central Peru, and northwestern Amazonian Brazil (west of Rio Negro)
English:
White-plumed Antbird
Catalan:
formiguera armada
Czech:
mravenčík parukář
Danish:
Hvidpandet Myrefugl
German:
Weißgesicht-Ameisenvogel
Spanish:
Hormiguero Cuerniblanco
Spanish (Spain):
Hormiguero Cuerniblanco
Finnish:
valkonaamiomuura
French:
Fourmilier manikup
Croatian:
dvokresta mravarica
Hungarian:
barkós hangyászmadár
Italian:
Formichiere piumebianche
Japanese (romaji):
shiroeboshiaridori
Japanese:
シロエボシアリドリ
Lithuanian:
Baltaplunksnė arakura
Dutch:
Witpluimmiervogel
Norwegian Nynorsk:
Maskerademaurvaktar
Norwegian:
Maskerademaurvokter
Polish:
dziwaczek maskowy
Portuguese:
papa-formiga-de-topete
Portuguese (Brazil):
papa-formiga-de-topete
Portuguese (Portugal):
formigueiro-de-pluma
Russian:
Султановая аракура
Slovak:
mravcosled roháčik
Serbian:
Mravarka sa belom perjanicom
Swedish:
vitplymad myrfågel
Ukrainian:
Аракура білочуба
Chinese:
白羽蚁鸟
Chinese (Traditional):
白腰蟻鳥


Authorities recognizing this taxonomic concept:

Avibase taxonomic concepts (current):
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
Avibase taxonomic concepts v. 2023 (May 2023):
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
Avibase taxonomic concepts v. 2024 (Oct 2024):
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
Avibase taxonomic concepts v. 01 (August 2013):
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
Avibase taxonomic concepts v. 02 (May 2014):
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
Avibase taxonomic concepts v. 03 (March 2015):
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
Avibase taxonomic concepts v. 04 (Aug 2016):
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
Avibase taxonomic concepts v. 05 (Jan 2017):
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
Avibase taxonomic concepts v. 06 (Feb 2018):
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
Avibase taxonomic concepts v. 07 (Feb 2020):
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
Avibase taxonomic concepts v. 08 (Feb 2021):
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
Birdlife checklist version 00:
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
Birdlife checklist version 01:
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
Birdlife checklist version 02:
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
Birdlife checklist version 03:
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
Birdlife checklist version 04:
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
Birdlife checklist version 05 (Jun 2012):
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
Birdlife checklist version 05.1 (Oct 2012):
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
Birdlife checklist version 06 (Nov 2013):
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
Birdlife checklist version 06.1 (Feb 2014):
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
Birdlife checklist version 07 (Jul 2014):
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
Birdlife checklist version 08 (Oct 2015):
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
Birdlife checklist version 09 (Dec 2016):
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
Birdlife checklist version 09.1 (Jun 2017):
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
HBW and BirdLife Taxonomic Checklist v2 (Dec 2017):
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
HBW and BirdLife Taxonomic Checklist v3 (Nov 2018):
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
HBW and BirdLife Taxonomic Checklist v4 (Dec 2019):
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
HBW and BirdLife Taxonomic Checklist v5 (Dec 2020):
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
HBW and BirdLife Taxonomic Checklist v6 (Dec 2021):
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
HBW and BirdLife Taxonomic Checklist v6b (Jul 2022):
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
HBW and BirdLife Taxonomic Checklist v7 (Dec 2022):
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
HBW and BirdLife Taxonomic Checklist v8 (Dec 2023):
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
HBW and BirdLife Taxonomic Checklist v9 (Oct 2024):
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
Commission internationale pour les noms français des oiseaux (1993, révision 2009):
Fourmilier manikup ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
Commission internationale pour les noms français des oiseaux (1993):
Fourmilier manikup ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
Clements 1st edition:
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
Clements, version 2021:
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
Clements, version 2022:
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
Clements, version 2023:
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
Clements, version 2024:
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
Clements 3rd edition:
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
Clements 4th edition:
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
Clements 5th edition (as published):
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
Clements 5th edition (incl. 2000 revisions):
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
Clements 5th edition (incl. 2001 revisions):
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
Clements 5th edition (incl. 2002 revisions):
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
Clements 5th edition (incl. 2003 revisions):
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
Clements 5th edition (incl. 2004 revisions):
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
Clements 5th edition (incl. 2005 revisions):
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
Clements 6th edition:
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
Clements 6th edition (incl. 2007 revisions):
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
Clements 6th edition (incl. 2008 revisions):
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
Clements 6th edition (incl. 2009 revisions):
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
Clements 6th edition (version 6.5 incl. 2010 revisions):
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
Clements 6th edition (version 6.6 incl. 2011 revisions):
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
Clements 6th edition (version 6.7 incl. 2012 revisions):
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
Clements 6th edition (version 6.8 incl. 2013 revisions):
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
Clements 6th edition (version 6.9 incl. 2014 revisions):
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
Clements, version 2015:
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
Clements, version 2016:
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
Clements, version 2017:
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
Clements, version 2018:
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
Clements, version 2019:
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
eBird version 1.50:
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
eBird version 1.52:
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
eBird version 1.53:
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
eBird version 1.54:
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
eBird version 1.55:
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
eBird version 2015:
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
eBird version 2016:
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
eBird version 2017:
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
eBird version 2018:
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
eBird version 2019:
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
eBird version 2021:
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
eBird version 2022:
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
eBird version 2023:
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
eBird version 2024:
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
Howard and Moore 2nd edition:
White-faced Antcatcher ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
Howard and Moore 2nd edition (incl. ? suppl):
White-faced Antcatcher ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
Howard and Moore 3rd edition (as published):
White-faced Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
Howard and Moore 3rd edition (incl. corrigenda 1.2):
White-faced Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
Howard and Moore 3rd edition (incl. corrigenda 2.1):
White-faced Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
Howard and Moore 3rd edition (incl. corrigenda 3.1):
White-faced Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
Howard and Moore 3rd edition (incl. corrigenda 4):
White-faced Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
Howard and Moore 3rd edition (incl. corrigenda 5):
White-faced Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
Howard and Moore 3rd edition (incl. corrigenda 6):
White-faced Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
Howard and Moore 3rd edition (incl. corrigenda 7):
White-faced Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
Howard and Moore 3rd edition (incl. corrigenda 8):
White-faced Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
Howard and Moore 4th edition (vol. 1-2):
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
Howard and Moore 4th edition (incl. corrigenda vol.1-2):
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
Handbook of the Birds of the World (vol 1-16):
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive (31/01/2015):
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive (03/07/2017):
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
Handbook of the Birds of the World and Birdlife (Dec 2017):
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
Handbook of the Birds of the World and Birdlife (Dec 2018):
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 1.0:
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 1.1:
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 1.5:
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 1.6:
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 1.7:
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 2.0:
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 2.1:
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 2.2:
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 2.3:
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 2.4:
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 2.5:
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 2.6:
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 2.7:
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 2.8:
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 2.9:
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 2.10:
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 2.11:
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 3.1:
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 3.2:
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 3.3:
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 3.4:
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 3.5:
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 4.1:
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 4.2:
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 4.3:
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 4.4:
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 5.1:
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 5.2:
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 5.3:
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 5.4:
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 6.1:
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 6.2:
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 6.3:
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 6.4:
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 7.1:
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 7.2:
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 7.3:
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 8.1:
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 8.2:
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 9.1:
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 9.2:
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 10.1:
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 10.2:
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 11.1:
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 11.2:
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 12.1:
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 12.2:
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 13.1:
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 13.2:
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 14.1:
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
IOC World Bird Names, version 14.2:
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
Morony, Bock and Farrand:
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
Peters' Check-list of the Birds:
Pithys albifrons [version 1]
Peters' Check-list of the Birds (original):
Pithys albifrons [version 1]
Peters' Check-list of the Birds (2nd edition):
Pithys albifrons [version 1]
Sibley and Monroe (1993):
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
Sibley and Monroe (1993, including corrections up to 1998):
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
Sibley and Monroe, Birds of the World Version 2.0:
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
South American Classification Committee (24/10/2003):
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
South American Classification Committee (14/09/2005):
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
South American Classification Committee (16/07/2006):
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
South American Classification Committee (26/09/2007):
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
South American Classification Committee (01/05/2008):
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
South American Classification Committee (30/09/2009):
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
South American Classification Committee (19/08/2010):
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
South American Classification Committee (8/08/2011):
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
South American Classification Committee (8/02/2012):
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
South American Classification Committee (4/09/2012):
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
South American Classification Committee (17/03/2013):
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
South American Classification Committee (9/02/2014):
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
South American Classification Committee (16/02/2015):
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
South American Classification Committee (28/07/2016):
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
South American Classification Committee (22/04/2017):
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
South American Classification Committee (4/06/2018):
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
South American Classification Committee (6/06/2019):
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
South American Classification Committee (20/02/2020):
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
South American Classification Committee (8/06/2020):
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
South American Classification Committee (24/08/2021):
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
South American Classification Committee (24/07/2022):
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
South American Classification Committee (28/09/2023):
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
South American Classification Committee (27/07/2024):
White-plumed Antbird ( Pithys albifrons) [version 1]
Zoonomen - Zoological Nomenclature Resource:
Pithys albifrons [version 1]
Zoonomen - Zoological Nomenclature Resource:
Pithys albifrons [version 1]

Taxonomic status:

Species status: full species

Your sightings

You must be logged in to view your sighting details. To register to myAvibase click here.

Related taxa

Highlight taxa in a checklist (shown in red)

Other synonyms

See also the taxonomic synonyms table.


Arawak: Haurere-oyo
Catalan: formiguera armada
Carib: Pirimaru
Czech: Mravencík belocelý, mravenčík parukář
Danish: Hvidpandet Myrefugl
German: Weißbart-Ameisenvogel, Weißgesicht-Ameisenvogel
English: White plumed Antbird, White-faced Antbird, White-faced antcacher, White-faced Antcatcher, White-plumed Antbird, White-plumed Antcatcher
English, HBW: White-plumed Antbird
English (IOC): White-plumed Antbird
English (United States): White-plumed Antbird
Spanish: Hormiguero cuerniblanco, Hormiguero de Plumón Blanco, Hormiguero Empenachado, Hormiguero Plumón Blanco
Spanish (Colombia): Hormiguero Empenachado
Spanish (Ecuador): Hormiguero cuerniblanco
Spanish (Spain): Hormiguero Cuerniblanco
Spanish (HBW): White-plumed Antbird
Spanish (Peru): Hormiguero de Plumón Blanco
Spanish (Venezuela): Hormiguero Plumón Blanco
Finnish: Valkonaamiomuura
French: Fourmilier manikup, Manikup de Cayenne
Croatian: dvokresta mravarica
Hungarian: barkós hangyászmadár
Italian: Formichiere piumebianche, Pigliaformiche facciabianca
Japanese (romaji): shiroeboshiaridori
Japanese: シロエボシアリドリ
Scientific: Pipra albifrons, Pithys albifrons, Pithys albifrons albifrons, Pithys leucops
Lithuanian: Baltaplunksnė arakura
Dutch: Witpluimmiervogel, Witpluim-miervogel
Norwegian Nynorsk: Maskerademaurvaktar
Norwegian: Maskerademaurvokter
Wayampi: Taowa
Polish: dziwaczek maskowy
Portuguese: Mãe-de-taoca-de-topete, papa-formiga-de-topete, papa-formiga-de-topete-branco, papa-formigas-de-topete
Portuguese (Brazil): mãe-de-taoca-de-topete, Papa-formiga-de-topete, papa-formiga-de-topete-branco, papa-formigas-de-topete
Portuguese (Portugal): formigueiro-de-pluma, Papa-formiga-de-barrete
Russian: Белобородая аракура, Султановая аракура, Султанолобая аракура
Slovak: mravcosled roháčik
Serbian: Mravarka sa belom perjanicom
Sranan: Mirafowru, Pingomirabasya
Swedish: Vitpannad myrfågel, vitplymad myrfågel
Turkish: Ak sorguçlu karıncakuşu
Ukrainian: Аракура білочуба
Wayana: Wanëkyelut
Chinese: 白羽蚁鸟
Chinese (Traditional): 白腰蟻鳥

Avibase has been visited 412,352,979 times since 24 June 2003. © Denis Lepage | Privacy policy