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Sulawesi Hornbill
Rhabdotorrhinus exarhatus (Temminck, CJ 1823)
Related taxa:
Species distribution
Geographical range
Value: Australasia: Sulawesi
Source: IOC 12.1
Value: Sulawesi region
Source: Clements, version 2024
Maximum latitude of breeding range
Value: 1.64
Units: degrees
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Minimum latitude of breeding range
Value: -5.65
Units: degrees
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Centroid latitude
Value: -1.89
Units: degrees
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Value: -1.89
Units: degrees
Source: Bird et al. 2020
Centroid longitude
Value: 121.13
Units: degrees
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Breeding restricted to island(s)
Value: 1
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Latitudinal range
Value: Tropical
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Migration strategy
Value: Sedentary
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Value: Not a Migrant
Source: Bird et al. 2020
Total range size
Value: 415000
Units: km2
Source: Bird et al. 2020
Value: 128079.13
Units: km2
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Value: > 50000
Units: km2
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Realm
Value: Australian
Source: Pigot et al. 2020
Value: Wallacea
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Sedentary, largely does not migrate
Value: 1: Yes
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Range and population size
Has restricted range?
Value: N
Source: Birdlife's Worldbird Database
Habitat
Altitude
Value:
Range: 0 - 650
Units: m
Source: Bird et al. 2020
Value:
Range: 0 - 650
Units: m
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Minimum and maximum altitude recorded
Value:
Range: - 1100
Units: m
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Altitude range
Value: 650
Units: m
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Number of major habitats used
Value: 1
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Habitat density (1-3)
Value: Dense habitats
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Habitat description
Value: primary evergreen forest.esp.rimbu forest;lowlands-1100m
Source: http://www.noord.bart.nl/~edcolijn/bird.html
Value: Forest
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Value: FOREST
Source: Bird et al. 2020
Primary lifestyle
Value: DIURNAL
Source: Bird et al. 2020
Value: Terrestrial
Source: Bird et al. 2020
First habitat
Value: F: Forest, secondary forest, swamp forest, tree-fall gaps, taiga, igapo, varzea
Units: rank
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Food and feeding habits
Number of major food types consumed
Value: 2
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Source used for diet data
Value: 1
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Main food source
Value: Fruit
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Value: FruiNect
Source: Bird et al. 2020
Ecological Specialization Index
Value: 1.69897
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Foraging niche
Value: Fugivore glean
Source: Pigot et al. 2020
Trophic level
Value: Herbivore
Source: Pigot et al. 2020
Value: Herbivore
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Trophic niche
Value: Frugivore
Source: Pigot et al. 2020
Value: Frugivore
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Weight of fish in diet
Value: 0
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Weight of fruits in diet
Value: 8.5
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Weight of invertebrates in diet
Value: 1.5
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Weight of land vertebrates in diet
Value: Trace
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Weight of miscellaneous in diet
Value: 0
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Weight of nectar in diet
Value: 0
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Weight of plant material in diet
Value: 0
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Weight of scavenging in diet
Value: 0
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Weight of seeds in diet
Value: 0
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Sum of the weighted diets
Value: 10
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Body measurements
Bill depth (females)
Value: 3.71
Range: 3.62 - 3.8
Units: cm
Sample: 2
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Bill depth (males)
Value: 3.92767
Range: 3.68 - 4.2
Units: cm
Sample: 3
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Bill depth (sex unknown)
Value: 3.8406
Range: 3.62 - 4.2
Units: cm
Sample: 5
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Bill length (females) - Culmen
Value: 8.91
Range: 8.87 - 8.95
Units: cm
Sample: 2
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Bill length (males) - Culmen
Value: 9.32533
Range: 8.64 - 10.446
Units: cm
Sample: 3
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Bill length (females) - Nares to tip
Value: 7.385
Range: 7.29 - 7.48
Units: cm
Sample: 2
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Bill length (males) - Nares to tip
Value: 7.71
Range: 6.94 - 8.48
Units: cm
Sample: 2
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Bill length (sex unknown) - Nares to tip
Value: 7.5475
Range: 6.94 - 8.48
Units: cm
Sample: 4
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Bill length (sex unknown) - Culmen
Value: 9.1592
Range: 8.64 - 10.446
Units: cm
Sample: 5
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Bill width (females)
Value: 2.525
Range: 2.48 - 2.57
Units: cm
Sample: 2
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Bill width (males)
Value: 2.525
Range: 2.36 - 2.69
Units: cm
Sample: 2
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Bill width (sex unknown)
Value: 2.525
Range: 2.36 - 2.69
Units: cm
Sample: 4
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Body mass
Value: 370
Units: g
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Value: 370
Range: 370 - 370
Units: g
Source: Myhrvold et al. 2015
Value: 370
Units: g
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Value: 370
Units: grams
Source: Bird et al. 2020
Body mass (females)
Value:
Range: 370 -
Units: g
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Value: 370
Range: 370 - 370
Units: g
Source: Myhrvold et al. 2015
Tail length (females)
Value: 20.4
Range: 19.9 - 20.9
Units: cm
Sample: 2
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Tail length (males)
Value: 21.0667
Range: 20.4 - 21.9
Units: cm
Sample: 3
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Tail length (sex unknown)
Value: 20.8
Range: 19.9 - 21.9
Units: cm
Sample: 5
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Tarsus length (females)
Value: 4.195
Range: 4.04 - 4.35
Units: cm
Sample: 2
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Tarsus length (males)
Value: 4.254
Range: 4.032 - 4.49
Units: cm
Sample: 3
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Tarsus length (sex unknown)
Value: 4.2304
Range: 4.032 - 4.49
Units: cm
Sample: 5
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Wing length (females)
Value: 22.1
Range: 22 - 22.2
Units: cm
Sample: 2
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Hand-Wing Index (females)
Value: 184.45
Range: 179.2 - 189.7
Units: %
Sample: 2
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Hand-Wing Index (males)
Value: 196.7
Range: 196.5 - 196.9
Units: %
Sample: 2
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Hand-Wing Index (unknown)
Value: 190.575
Range: 179.2 - 196.9
Units: %
Sample: 4
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Kipps distance (females)
Value: 3.655
Range: 3.23 - 4.08
Units: cm
Sample: 2
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Kipps distance (males)
Value: 3.53
Range: 3.31 - 3.75
Units: cm
Sample: 2
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Kipps distance (unknown)
Value: 3.5925
Range: 3.23 - 4.08
Units: cm
Sample: 4
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Wing length (males)
Value: 23.0667
Range: 22.8 - 23.4
Units: cm
Sample: 3
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Wing length (females) - secondary1
Value: 18.445
Range: 17.92 - 18.97
Units: cm
Sample: 2
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Wing length (males) - secondary1
Value: 19.67
Range: 19.65 - 19.69
Units: cm
Sample: 2
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Wing length (unknown) - secondary1
Value: 19.0575
Range: 17.92 - 19.69
Units: cm
Sample: 4
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Wing length (sex unknown)
Value: 22.68
Range: 22 - 23.4
Units: cm
Sample: 5
Source: Tobias et al. 2021
Nest characteristics
Description of physical nest (shape, etc.)
Value: cavity (tree)
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Reproduction
Age at first breeding
Value: 2.087670554
Units: years
Source: Bird et al. 2020
Clutch size
Value: 2.8
Range: 2.8 - 2.8
Units: n
Source: Myhrvold et al. 2015
Value: 3
Units: n
Source: Bird et al. 2020
Value:
Range: 2 - 4
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Colonial species
Value: 0: No
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Fledging period
Value:
Range: 55 - 70
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Sex of bird sitting on eggs/nest
Value: Female
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Incubation period
Value:
Range: 16 - 19
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Leks
Value: 0: No
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
How nests are connected to supporting objects
Value: Basal
Source: Chia et al. 2023
Location where nests are constructed
Value: Tree
Source: Chia et al. 2023
Value: Tree
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Nest has an 'artificial' location
Value: no
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Nest has an 'earth hole' location
Value: no
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Nest has a 'ground' location
Value: no
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Nest has a 'rock' location
Value: no
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Nest has a 'tree hole' location
Value: yes
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Nest has a 'vegetation' location
Value: no
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Nest has a 'water' location
Value: no
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Nest structure
Value: Second Cavity
Source: Chia et al. 2023
Nest has a 'cavity' structure
Value: yes
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Nest has a 'clearing' structure
Value: no
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Nest has a 'cup' structure
Value: no
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Nest has a 'dome' structure
Value: no
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Nest has a 'dome-and-tube' structure
Value: no
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Nest has an 'excavation' structure
Value: no
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Nest has a 'excavation-with-nest' structure
Value: no
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Nest has a 'mound' structure
Value: no
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Nest has a 'none' structure
Value: no
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Nest has a 'platform' structure
Value: no
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Nest has a 'ring' structure
Value: no
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Nest has a 'scrape' structure
Value: no
Source: Sheard et al. 2024
Parasitic breeding
Value: 0: false
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Value: False
Source: Chia et al. 2023
Host of parasitic breeding
Value: 0: false
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Survival
Adult annual survival rate
Value: 0.764201681
Units: annual rate
Source: Bird et al. 2020
Average generation length (years)
Value: 5.81
Units: years
Source: Birdlife 2024
Value: 5.058205989
Range: 4.742257203 - 5.328582891
Units: years
Source: Bird et al. 2020
Maximum age
Value: 15.78589497
Units: years
Source: Bird et al. 2020
Population decline over 10 years
Value: 10%
Range: 6% - 14%
Units: percent
Source: Bird et al. 2020
Population decline over 3 generation
Value: 15%
Range: 9% - 20%
Units: percent
Source: Bird et al. 2020
Social behaviour
Pairs and family groups
Value: 1: Yes
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Social flocks
Value: 0: No
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Pairs and family groups
Value: 0: No
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Solitary
Value: 0: No
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
Behaviour
Inability to fly
Value: No
Source: Sekercioglu et al. 2025
References
- Bird, Jeremy & Martin, Robert & Akcakaya, H. Resit & Gilroy, James & Burfield, Ian & Garnett, Stephen & Symes, Andy & Taylor, Joe & Sekercioglu, Cagan & Butchart, Stuart. (2020). Generation lengths of the world's birds and their implications for extinction risk. Conservation Biology. 34. 10.1111/cobi.13486. https://conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/cobi.13486
- BirdLife International. 2024. Generation lengths of the world's birds. Version 2 (November 2020). Available from https://datazone.birdlife.org https://datazone.birdlife.org//species/genlength
- Birdlife. 2005. Worldbird Database.
- Birds of Indonesia http://www.noord.bart.nl/~edcolijn/bird.html
- Catherine Sheard, Sally E. Street, Susan D. Healy, Camille A. Troisi, Andrew D. Clark, Antonia Yovcheva, Alexis Trébaol, Karina Vanadzina, Kevin N. Lala. 2024. Nest traits for the world's birds. Global Ecology and Biogeography 33(2):206-214. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/geb.13783
- Chia, Stephanie Yuan, Yi-Ting Fang, Yi-Ting Su, Pei-Yu Tsai, Chia Hsieh, Shu-Han Tsao, Jia-Yang Juang, Chih-Ming Hung, and Mao-Ning Tuanmu. 2023. “A Global Database of Bird Nest Traits.” Scientific Data 10 (1): 923. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-023-02837-1. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41597-023-02837-1
- Clements, J. F., P. C. Rasmussen, T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, T. A. Fredericks, J. A. Gerbracht, D. Lepage, A. Spencer, S. M. Billerman, B. L. Sullivan, M. Smith, and C. L. Wood. 2024. The eBird/Clements checklist of Birds of the World: v2024. Downloaded from https://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/ https://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/
- Gill, F, D Donsker, and P Rasmussen (Eds). 2022. IOC World Bird List (v 12.1). Doi 10.14344/IOC.ML.12.1. http://www.worldbirdnames.org/ http://www.worldbirdnames.org/
- P. Myhrvold, Nathan; Baldridge, Elita; Chan, Benjamin; Sivam, Dhileep; L. Freeman, Daniel; Ernest, S. K. Morgan (2016): An amniote life-history database to perform comparative analyses with birds, mammals, and reptiles. Wiley. Collection. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.3308127.v1 https://figshare.com/collections/An_amniote_life-history_database_to_perform_comparative_analyses_with_birds_mammals_and_reptiles/3308127
- Pigot, A.L., Sheard, C., Miller, E.T. et al. Macroevolutionary convergence connects morphological form to ecological function in birds. Nat Ecol Evol 4, 230–239 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-019-1070-4
- Şekercioğlu, Ç.H., Kittelberger, K.D., Mota, F.M.M. et al. BIRDBASE: A Global Dataset of Avian Biogeography, Conservation, Ecology and Life History Traits. Sci Data 12, 1558 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-025-05615-3
- Tobias, J. et al. 2022. AVONET: morphological, ecological and geographical data for all birds. Ecology Letters. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.13898 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/ele.13898
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