Bird checklists - taxonomy - distribution - maps - links
Your login:
Password:
Enter your login name or your email address and click on Send reminder to receive a reminder by email.
Welcome Guest
Brown Shrike
Lanius cristatus Linnaeus, 1758
The Brown Shrike (Lanius cristatus) is a bird in the shrike family that is found mainly in Asia. It is closely related to the Red-backed Shrike (L. collurio) and Isabelline Shrike (L. isabellinus). Like most other shrikes, it has a distinctive black "bandit-mask" through the eye. and is found mainly in open scrub habitats, where it perches on the tops of thorny bushes in search of prey. Several populations of this widespread species form distinctive subspecies which breed in temperate Asia and migrate to their winter quarters in tropical Asia. They are sometimes found as vagrants in Europe and North America. Source: Wikipedia
(0 votes)
Order:
Passeriformes
Family:
Laniidae
Genus:
Lanius
Scientific:
Lanius cristatus
Citation:
Linnaeus, 1758
Reference:
Syst.Nat.ed.10 p.93
Protonym:
Lanius cristatus
Avibase ID:
E4968582E577D9D1
Short link:
https://avibase.ca/E4968582
Taxonomic Serial Number:
TSN: 178525
Geographic range:
- Lanius cristatus cristatus: E Siberia to nw Mongolia; > to India and Malay Pen.
- Lanius cristatus confusus: Manchuria and Amurland; > to Malay Pen. and Sumatra
- Lanius cristatus superciliosus: S Sakhalin and Japan; > to Sumatra and Lesser Sundas
- Lanius cristatus lucionensis: Korea and e China; > to Philippines, Borneo, Sulawesi
Source: Clements checklist
Brown Shrike
Czech:
ťuhýk hnědý
German:
Braunwürger
Danish:
Brun Tornskade
Spanish:
Alcaudón Pardo
Finnish:
siperianlepinkäinen
French:
Pie-grièche brune
Icelandic:
Brúnsvarri
Italian:
Averla bruna
Japanese:
akamozu
Japanese:
アカモズ
Dutch:
Bruine Klauwier
Norwegian:
Brunvarsler
Norwegian Nynorsk:
Brunvarslar
Polish:
dzierzba brazowa
Portuguese:
Picanço-castanho
Russian:
Сибирский жулан
Slovak:
strakoš červenochvostý
Swedish:
brun törnskata
Ukrainian:
Сорокопуд сибірський
Chinese:
红尾伯劳
Authorities recognizing this taxonomic concept:
| American Ornithologists' Union 5th edition (incl. 34th suppl.): Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| American Ornithologists' Union 6th edition (1983): Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| American Ornithologists' Union 6th edition (incl. 35th suppl.): Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| American Ornithologists' Union 6th edition (incl. 36th suppl.): Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| American Ornithologists' Union 6th edition (incl. 37th suppl.): Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| American Ornithologists' Union 6th edition (incl. 38th suppl.): Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| American Ornithologists' Union 6th edition (incl. 39th suppl.): Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| American Ornithologists' Union 6th edition (incl. 40th suppl.): Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| American Ornithologists' Union 6th edition (incl. 41st suppl.): Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| American Ornithologists' Union 7th edition (1998): Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| American Ornithologists' Union 7th edition (incl. 42nd suppl.): Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| American Ornithologists' Union 7th edition (incl. 43rd suppl.): Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| American Ornithologists' Union 7th edition (incl. 44th suppl.): Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| American Ornithologists' Union 7th edition (incl. 45th suppl.): Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| American Ornithologists' Union 7th edition (incl. 46th suppl.): Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| American Ornithologists' Union 7th edition (incl. 47th suppl.): Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| American Ornithologists' Union 7th edition (incl. 48th suppl.): Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| American Ornithologists' Union 7th edition (incl. 49th suppl.): Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| American Ornithologists' Union 7th edition (incl. 50th suppl.): Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| American Ornithologists' Union 7th edition (incl. 51st suppl.): Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| American Ornithologists' Union 7th edition (incl. 52nd suppl.): Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| American Ornithologists' Union 7th edition (incl. 53rd suppl.): Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| American Ornithologists' Union 7th edition (incl. 54th suppl.): Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| American Ornithologists' Union 7th edition (incl. 55th suppl.): Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| American Ornithologists' Union 7th edition (incl. 56th suppl.): Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| American Ornithologists' Union 7th edition (incl. 57th suppl.): Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| American Ornithologists' Union 7th edition (incl. 58th suppl.): Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| American Ornithologists' Union 7th edition (incl. 59th suppl.): Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| American Ornithologists' Union 7th edition (incl. 60th suppl.): Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| Avibase taxonomic concepts (current): Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| Avibase taxonomic concepts v. 01 (August 2013): Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| Avibase taxonomic concepts v. 02 (May 2014): Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| Avibase taxonomic concepts v. 03 (March 2015): Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| Avibase taxonomic concepts v. 04 (Aug 2016): Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| Avibase taxonomic concepts v. 05 (Jan 2017): Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| Avibase taxonomic concepts v. 06 (Feb 2018): Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| Avibase taxonomic concepts v. 07 (Feb 2020): Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| Birdlife checklist version 00: Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| Birdlife checklist version 01: Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| Birdlife checklist version 02: Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| Birdlife checklist version 03: Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| Birdlife checklist version 04: Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| Birdlife checklist version 05 (Jun 2012): Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| Birdlife checklist version 05.1 (Oct 2012): Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| Birdlife checklist version 06 (Nov 2013): Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| Birdlife checklist version 06.1 (Feb 2014): Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| Birdlife checklist version 07 (Jul 2014): Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| Birdlife checklist version 08 (Oct 2015): Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| Birdlife checklist version 09 (Dec 2016): Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| Birdlife checklist version 09.1 (Jun 2017): Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| HBW and BirdLife Taxonomic Checklist v2 (Dec 2017): Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| HBW and BirdLife Taxonomic Checklist v3 (Nov 2018): Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| HBW and BirdLife Taxonomic Checklist v4 (Dec 2019): Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| British Ornithologists' Union Checklist (7th edition): Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| British Ornithologists' Union Checklist (7th edition, incl. Jan 2009 suppl.): Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| Christidis and Boles (2008): Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds: Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| Commission internationale pour les noms français des oiseaux (1993, révision 2009): Pie-grièche brune ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| Commission internationale pour les noms français des oiseaux (1993): Pie-grièche brune ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| Clements 1st edition: Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| Clements 3rd edition: Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| Clements 4th edition: Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| Clements 5th edition (as published): Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| Clements 5th edition (incl. 2000 revisions): Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| Clements 5th edition (incl. 2001 revisions): Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| Clements 5th edition (incl. 2002 revisions): Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| Clements 5th edition (incl. 2003 revisions): Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| Clements 5th edition (incl. 2004 revisions): Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| Clements 5th edition (incl. 2005 revisions): Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| Clements 6th edition: Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| Clements 6th edition (incl. 2007 revisions): Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| Clements 6th edition (incl. 2008 revisions): Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| Clements 6th edition (incl. 2009 revisions): Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| Clements 6th edition (version 6.5 incl. 2010 revisions): Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| Clements 6th edition (version 6.6 incl. 2011 revisions): Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| Clements 6th edition (version 6.7 incl. 2012 revisions): Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| Clements 6th edition (version 6.8 incl. 2013 revisions): Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| Clements 6th edition (version 6.9 incl. 2014 revisions): Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| Clements, version 2015: Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| Clements, version 2016: Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| Clements, version 2017: Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| Clements, version 2018: Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| Clements, version 2019: Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| eBird version 1.50: Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| eBird version 1.52: Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| eBird version 1.53: Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| eBird version 1.54: Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| eBird version 1.55: Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| eBird version 2015: Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| eBird version 2016: Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| eBird version 2017: Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| eBird version 2018: Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| eBird version 2019: Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| Howard and Moore 2nd edition: Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| Howard and Moore 2nd edition (incl. ? suppl): Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| Howard and Moore 3rd edition (as published): Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| Howard and Moore 3rd edition (incl. corrigenda 1.2): Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| Howard and Moore 3rd edition (incl. corrigenda 2.1): Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| Howard and Moore 3rd edition (incl. corrigenda 3.1): Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| Howard and Moore 3rd edition (incl. corrigenda 4): Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| Howard and Moore 3rd edition (incl. corrigenda 5): Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| Howard and Moore 3rd edition (incl. corrigenda 6): Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| Howard and Moore 3rd edition (incl. corrigenda 7): Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| Howard and Moore 3rd edition (incl. corrigenda 8): Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| Howard and Moore 4th edition (vol. 1-2): Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| Howard and Moore 4th edition (incl. corrigenda vol.1-2): Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| Handbook of the Birds of the World (vol 1-16): Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| Handbook of the Birds of the World and Birdlife (Dec 2017): Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive (31/01/2015): Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive (03/07/2017): Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| Handbook of the Birds of the World and Birdlife (Dec 2018): Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| IOC World Bird Names, version 1.0: Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| IOC World Bird Names, version 1.1: Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| IOC World Bird Names, version 1.5: Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| IOC World Bird Names, version 1.6: Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| IOC World Bird Names, version 1.7: Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| IOC World Bird Names, version 2.0: Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| IOC World Bird Names, version 2.1: Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| IOC World Bird Names, version 2.2: Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| IOC World Bird Names, version 2.3: Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| IOC World Bird Names, version 2.4: Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| IOC World Bird Names, version 2.5: Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| IOC World Bird Names, version 2.6: Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| IOC World Bird Names, version 2.7: Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| IOC World Bird Names, version 2.8: Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| IOC World Bird Names, version 2.9: Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| IOC World Bird Names, version 2.10: Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| IOC World Bird Names, version 2.11: Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| IOC World Bird Names, version 3.1: Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| IOC World Bird Names, version 3.2: Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| IOC World Bird Names, version 3.3: Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| IOC World Bird Names, version 3.4: Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| IOC World Bird Names, version 3.5: Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| IOC World Bird Names, version 4.1: Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| IOC World Bird Names, version 4.2: Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| IOC World Bird Names, version 4.3: Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| IOC World Bird Names, version 4.4: Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| IOC World Bird Names, version 5.1: Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| IOC World Bird Names, version 5.2: Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| IOC World Bird Names, version 5.3: Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| IOC World Bird Names, version 5.4: Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| IOC World Bird Names, version 6.1: Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| IOC World Bird Names, version 6.2: Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| IOC World Bird Names, version 6.3: Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| IOC World Bird Names, version 6.4: Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| IOC World Bird Names, version 7.1: Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| IOC World Bird Names, version 7.2: Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| IOC World Bird Names, version 7.3: Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| IOC World Bird Names, version 8.1: Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| IOC World Bird Names, version 8.2: Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| IOC World Bird Names, version 9.1: Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| IOC World Bird Names, version 9.2: Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| IOC World Bird Names, version 10.1: Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| Morony, Bock and Farrand: Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| Oriental Bird Club: Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| James Lee Peters: Lanius cristatus [version 1] |
| James Lee Peters (original): Lanius cristatus [version 1] |
| James Lee Peters (2nd edition): Lanius cristatus [version 1] |
| Sibley and Monroe (1993): Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| Sibley and Monroe (1993, including corrections up to 1998): Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| Sibley and Monroe 2nd edition (1996): Brown Shrike ( Lanius cristatus) [version 1] |
| Zoonomen - Zoological Nomenclature Resource: Lanius cristatus [version 1] |
| Zoonomen - Zoological Nomenclature Resource: Lanius cristatus [version 1] |
Taxonomic status:
Species status: full species
Your sightings
You must be logged in to view your sighting details. To register to myAvibase click here.
Other synonyms
Bengali: খয়রা লাটোরা
Catalan: capsigrany bru, Cueta blanca
Valencian: Cueta blanca
Cebuano: tibalas
Czech: Tuhýk hnedý, Ťuhýk hnědý
Danish: Brun Tornskade
German: Braunwürger, Rostschwanzwürger, Rotschwanzwürger, Sibirischer Würger
English: Brown Shrike, Red-tailed Shrike, Rufous Red-tailed Shrike
English (IOC): Brown Shrike
Spanish: Alcaudón Castaño, Alcaudón Pardo, Lavandera Blanca
Spanish (Spain): Alcaudón Pardo
Spanish (HBW): Alcaudón pardo
Spanish (Mexico): Lavandera Blanca
Estonian: pruunõgija
Finnish: Idänpikkolepinkäinen, Idänpikkulepinkäinen, Ruskolepinkäinen, siperianlepinkäinen
Faroese: Mortyrningur
French: Pie-grièche à crete, Pie-grièche à queue rousse, Pie-grièche birmane, Pie-grièche brune
Galician: Lavandeira branca
Croatian: Smeđi svračak
Hungarian: barna gébics
Indonesian: Bentet coklat, Burung Bentet Coklat
Icelandic: Brúnsvarri
Italian: Averla bruna
Japanese: aka mozu, akamozu, Aka-mozu
Japanese: アカモズ
Japanese (Kanji): 赤百舌, 赤百舌鳥, 赤鵙
Georgian: თეთრი ბოლოქანქალა
Khakas: Кÿрең хуралдай
Kazakh: Ала торғай, Сібір тағанағы, Сібір тағанақ
Kazakh (Transliteration): sibir tağanağı
Korean: 노랑때까치
Korean (Transliteration): norang-ttaekkachi
Karelian: Vagoilindu, Västäräkki
Kashmiri: [Dobbai]
Scientific: Lanius cristatus, Lanius cristatus cristatus
Lithuanian: Kuoduotoji medšarkė, Rudoji medšarkė, Sibirinė medšarkė
Latvian: Rudā čakste, Sibīrijas čakste
Malayalam: തവിടൻ ഷ്രൈക്ക്, തവിടന് ഷ്രൈക്ക്
Mongolian: Ухаа дунхай
Mongolian (Bichig): ᠬᠣᠸᠠ ᠲᠣᠩᠬᠠᠢ
Mongolian (Bichig, Inner Mongolia): ᠣᠯᠠᠪᠲᠣᠷ ᠰᠡᠭᠦᠯᠲᠦ ᠴᠣᠭᠴᠠᠬᠢ
Mongolian (Cyrillic, Inner Mongolia): Улавтар сүүлт чогчиго
Mongolian (Transliteration): ukhaa duŋkhai, ulavtar süült chogchig
Malay: Burung Merbah, Burung Tirjup Coklat, Burung Tirjup Padang, Burung Tirjup Tanah, Tirjup Coklat
Dutch: Bruine Klauwier
Norwegian Nynorsk: Brunvarslar
Norwegian: Brunvarsler
Polish: dzierzba brazowa, dzierzba brązowa, dzierzba syberyjska
Pinyin: hè bóláo, hóng-wěi bóláo, huā hǔ bóláo, tǔ hǔ bóláo, xiǎo bóláo
Portuguese: Picanço-castanho
Portuguese (Portugal): Picanço-castanho
Russian: восточный жулан, Жулан сибирский, Сибирский жулан
Slovak: Strakoš červenochvostý
Slovenian: sibirski srakoper
Serbian: Smeđi svračak
Swedish: Brun törnskata
Tamil: வெள்ளை வாலாட்டி
Thai: นกอีเสือสีน้ำตาล
Thai (Transliteration): nók ii-sĕua sĭi-nám-taan
Turkish: Kahverengi Örümcekkuşu, Сібір тағанағы
Tuvinian: Чем-кадаар
Ukrainian: Сорокопуд сибірський
Vietnamese: Bách thanh mày trắng, Bách thanh nâu, Chim Bách thanh mày trắng, Chim Bách thanh nâu
Chinese: [he bolao], [hong-wei bolao], [hua hu bolao], [tu hu bolao], [xiao bolao], 土虎伯劳, 小伯劳, 紅尾伯勞, 红尾伯劳, 花虎伯劳, 褐伯劳
Chinese (Traditional): 土虎伯勞, 小伯勞, 紅尾伯勞, 红尾伯勞, 花虎伯勞, 褐伯勞
Chinese (Taiwan, Traditional): 紅尾伯勞
Chinese (Taiwan): [hong-wei bolao], 紅尾伯勞, 红尾伯劳
Avibase has been visited 303,231,337 times since 24 June 2003. © Denis Lepage | Privacy policy
