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Gavina d'ivori

Pagophila eburnea (Phipps, 1774)

The Ivory Gull, Pagophila eburnea is a small gull, the only species in the genus Pagophila. It breeds in the high Arctic and has a circumpolar distribution through Greenland, northernmost North America, and Eurasia. Source: Wikipedia




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Ordre:
  Charadriiformes
Família:
  Laridae
Gènere:
  Pagophila

Nom científic:
  Pagophila eburnea

Cita:
  (Phipps, 1774)

Referència:
  Voy.N.Pole p.187

Protònim:
  Larus Eburneus

Avibase ID:
  FED91A1F00C4E67C

Enllaç curt:
  https://avibase.ca/FED91A1F

Taxonomic Serial Number:
TSN: 176851


NEAR THREATENED

Geographic range:

  • Pagophila eburnea: Arctic circumpolar (mainly associated with ice pack)
Source: Clements checklist
Anglès:
Ivory Gull
Català:
Gavina d'ivori
Txec:
racek sněžní
Danès:
Ismåge
Alemany:
Elfenbeinmöwe
Espanyol:
Gaviota Marfileña
Spanish (Spain):
Gaviota Marfileña
Finès:
jäälokki
Francès:
Mouette blanche
Croat:
Bijeli galeb
Hongarès:
hósirály
Islandès:
Ísmáfur
Italià:
Gabbiano eburneo
Japonès:
zougekamome
japonès:
ゾウゲカモメ
Lituà:
Snieginis kiras
Holandès:
Ivoormeeuw
Noruec:
Ismåse
Noruec:
Ismåke
Polonès:
mewa modrodzioba
Portuguès:
Gaivota-marfim
Rus:
Белая чайка
Eslovac:
čajka biela
Serbi:
Beli galeb
Suec:
ismås
Ucraïnès:
Мартин білий
Xinès:
白鸥
Chinese (Traditional):
白鷗

Autoritats que reconeixen el concept taxonòmic:

American Ornithologists' Union 1st edition (1886):
Ivory Gull ( Gavia alba)
American Ornithologists' Union 1st edition (incl. 1st suppl.):
Ivory Gull ( Gavia alba)
American Ornithologists' Union 1st edition (incl. 2nd suppl.):
Ivory Gull ( Gavia alba)
American Ornithologists' Union 1st edition (incl. 3rd suppl.):
Ivory Gull ( Gavia alba)
American Ornithologists' Union 1st edition (incl. 4th suppl.):
Ivory Gull ( Gavia alba)
American Ornithologists' Union 1st edition (incl. 5th suppl.):
Ivory Gull ( Gavia alba)
American Ornithologists' Union 1st edition (incl. 6th suppl.):
Ivory Gull ( Gavia alba)
American Ornithologists' Union 1st edition (incl. 7th suppl.):
Ivory Gull ( Gavia alba)
American Ornithologists' Union 2nd edition (1895):
Ivory Gull ( Gavia alba)
American Ornithologists' Union 2nd edition (incl. 8th suppl.):
Ivory Gull ( Gavia alba)
American Ornithologists' Union 2nd edition (incl. 9th suppl.):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila alba)
American Ornithologists' Union 2nd edition (incl. 10th suppl.):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila alba)
American Ornithologists' Union 2nd edition (incl. 11th suppl.):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila alba)
American Ornithologists' Union 2nd edition (incl. 12th suppl.):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila alba)
American Ornithologists' Union 2nd edition (incl. 13th suppl.):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila alba)
American Ornithologists' Union 2nd edition (incl. 14th suppl.):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila alba)
American Ornithologists' Union 2nd edition (incl. 15th suppl.):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila alba)
American Ornithologists' Union 3rd edition (1910):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila alba)
American Ornithologists' Union 3rd edition (incl. 16th suppl.):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila alba)
American Ornithologists' Union 3rd edition (incl. 17th suppl.):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila alba)
American Ornithologists' Union 3rd edition (incl. 18th suppl.):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila alba)
American Ornithologists' Union 4th edition (1931):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila alba)
American Ornithologists' Union 4th edition (incl. 19th suppl.):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
American Ornithologists' Union 4th edition (incl. 20th suppl.):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
American Ornithologists' Union 4th edition (incl. 21st suppl.):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
American Ornithologists' Union 4th edition (incl. 22nd suppl.):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
American Ornithologists' Union 4th edition (incl. 23rd suppl.):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
American Ornithologists' Union 4th edition (incl. 24th suppl.):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
American Ornithologists' Union 4th edition (incl. 25th suppl.):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
American Ornithologists' Union 4th edition (incl. 26th suppl.):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
American Ornithologists' Union 4th edition (incl. 27th suppl.):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
American Ornithologists' Union 4th edition (incl. 28th suppl.):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
American Ornithologists' Union 4th edition (incl. 29th suppl.):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
American Ornithologists' Union 4th edition (incl. 30th suppl.):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
American Ornithologists' Union 4th edition (incl. 31st suppl.):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
American Ornithologists' Union 5th edition (1957):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
American Ornithologists' Union 5th edition (incl. 32nd suppl.):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
American Ornithologists' Union 5th edition (incl. 33rd suppl.):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
American Ornithologists' Union 5th edition (incl. 34th suppl.):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
American Ornithologists' Union 6th edition (1983):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
American Ornithologists' Union 6th edition (incl. 35th suppl.):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
American Ornithologists' Union 6th edition (incl. 36th suppl.):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
American Ornithologists' Union 6th edition (incl. 37th suppl.):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
American Ornithologists' Union 6th edition (incl. 38th suppl.):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
American Ornithologists' Union 6th edition (incl. 39th suppl.):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
American Ornithologists' Union 6th edition (incl. 40th suppl.):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
American Ornithologists' Union 6th edition (incl. 41st suppl.):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
American Ornithologists' Union 7th edition (1998):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
American Ornithologists' Union 7th edition (incl. 42nd suppl.):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
American Ornithologists' Union 7th edition (incl. 43rd suppl.):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
American Ornithologists' Union 7th edition (incl. 44th suppl.):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
American Ornithologists' Union 7th edition (incl. 45th suppl.):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
American Ornithologists' Union 7th edition (incl. 46th suppl.):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
American Ornithologists' Union 7th edition (incl. 47th suppl.):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
American Ornithologists' Union 7th edition (incl. 48th suppl.):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
American Ornithologists' Union 7th edition (incl. 49th suppl.):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
American Ornithologists' Union 7th edition (incl. 50th suppl.):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
American Ornithologists' Union 7th edition (incl. 51st suppl.):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
American Ornithologists' Union 7th edition (incl. 52nd suppl.):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
American Ornithologists' Union 7th edition (incl. 53rd suppl.):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
American Ornithologists' Union 7th edition (incl. 54th suppl.):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
American Ornithologists' Union 7th edition (incl. 55th suppl.):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
American Ornithologists' Union 7th edition (incl. 56th suppl.):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
American Ornithologists' Union 7th edition (incl. 57th suppl.):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
American Ornithologists' Union 7th edition (incl. 58th suppl.):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
American Ornithologists' Union 7th edition (incl. 59th suppl.):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
American Ornithologists' Union 7th edition (incl. 60th suppl.):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
American Ornithologists' Union 7th edition (incl. 61st suppl.):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
Avibase taxonomic concepts (current):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
Avibase taxonomic concepts v. 01 (August 2013):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
Avibase taxonomic concepts v. 02 (May 2014):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
Avibase taxonomic concepts v. 03 (March 2015):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
Avibase taxonomic concepts v. 04 (Aug 2016):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
Avibase taxonomic concepts v. 05 (Jan 2017):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
Avibase taxonomic concepts v. 06 (Feb 2018):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
Avibase taxonomic concepts v. 07 (Feb 2020):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
Birdlife checklist version 00:
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
Birdlife checklist version 01:
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
Birdlife checklist version 02:
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
Birdlife checklist version 03:
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
Birdlife checklist version 04:
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
Birdlife checklist version 05 (Jun 2012):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
Birdlife checklist version 05.1 (Oct 2012):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
Birdlife checklist version 06 (Nov 2013):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
Birdlife checklist version 06.1 (Feb 2014):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
Birdlife checklist version 07 (Jul 2014):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
Birdlife checklist version 08 (Oct 2015):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
Birdlife checklist version 09 (Dec 2016):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
Birdlife checklist version 09.1 (Jun 2017):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
HBW and BirdLife Taxonomic Checklist v2 (Dec 2017):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
HBW and BirdLife Taxonomic Checklist v3 (Nov 2018):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
HBW and BirdLife Taxonomic Checklist v4 (Dec 2019):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
British Ornithologists' Union Checklist (7th edition):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
British Ornithologists' Union Checklist (7th edition, incl. Jan 2009 suppl.):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
Commission internationale pour les noms français des oiseaux (1993, révision 2009):
Mouette blanche ( Pagophila eburnea)
Commission internationale pour les noms français des oiseaux (1993):
Mouette blanche ( Pagophila eburnea)
Clements 1st edition:
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila alba)
Clements 3rd edition:
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila alba)
Clements 4th edition:
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
Clements 5th edition (as published):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
Clements 5th edition (incl. 2000 revisions):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
Clements 5th edition (incl. 2001 revisions):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
Clements 5th edition (incl. 2002 revisions):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
Clements 5th edition (incl. 2003 revisions):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
Clements 5th edition (incl. 2004 revisions):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
Clements 5th edition (incl. 2005 revisions):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
Clements 6th edition:
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
Clements 6th edition (incl. 2007 revisions):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
Clements 6th edition (incl. 2008 revisions):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
Clements 6th edition (incl. 2009 revisions):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
Clements 6th edition (version 6.5 incl. 2010 revisions):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
Clements 6th edition (version 6.6 incl. 2011 revisions):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
Clements 6th edition (version 6.7 incl. 2012 revisions):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
Clements 6th edition (version 6.8 incl. 2013 revisions):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
Clements 6th edition (version 6.9 incl. 2014 revisions):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
Clements, version 2015:
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
Clements, version 2016:
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
Clements, version 2017:
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
Clements, version 2018:
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
Clements, version 2019:
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
eBird version 1.50:
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
eBird version 1.52:
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
eBird version 1.53:
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
eBird version 1.54:
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
eBird version 1.55:
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
eBird version 2015:
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
eBird version 2016:
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
eBird version 2017:
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
eBird version 2018:
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
eBird version 2019:
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
Howard and Moore 2nd edition:
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
Howard and Moore 2nd edition (incl. ? suppl):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
Howard and Moore 3rd edition (as published):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
Howard and Moore 3rd edition (incl. corrigenda 1.2):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
Howard and Moore 3rd edition (incl. corrigenda 2.1):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
Howard and Moore 3rd edition (incl. corrigenda 3.1):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
Howard and Moore 3rd edition (incl. corrigenda 4):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
Howard and Moore 3rd edition (incl. corrigenda 5):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
Howard and Moore 3rd edition (incl. corrigenda 6):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
Howard and Moore 3rd edition (incl. corrigenda 7):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
Howard and Moore 3rd edition (incl. corrigenda 8):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
Howard and Moore 4th edition (vol. 1-2):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
Howard and Moore 4th edition (incl. corrigenda vol.1-2):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
Handbook of the Birds of the World (vol 1-16):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
Handbook of the Birds of the World and Birdlife (Dec 2017):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive (31/01/2015):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive (03/07/2017):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
Handbook of the Birds of the World and Birdlife (Dec 2018):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
IOC World Bird Names, version 1.0:
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
IOC World Bird Names, version 1.1:
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
IOC World Bird Names, version 1.5:
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
IOC World Bird Names, version 1.6:
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
IOC World Bird Names, version 1.7:
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
IOC World Bird Names, version 2.0:
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
IOC World Bird Names, version 2.1:
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
IOC World Bird Names, version 2.2:
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
IOC World Bird Names, version 2.3:
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
IOC World Bird Names, version 2.4:
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
IOC World Bird Names, version 2.5:
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
IOC World Bird Names, version 2.6:
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
IOC World Bird Names, version 2.7:
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
IOC World Bird Names, version 2.8:
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
IOC World Bird Names, version 2.9:
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
IOC World Bird Names, version 2.10:
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
IOC World Bird Names, version 2.11:
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
IOC World Bird Names, version 3.1:
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
IOC World Bird Names, version 3.2:
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
IOC World Bird Names, version 3.3:
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
IOC World Bird Names, version 3.4:
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
IOC World Bird Names, version 3.5:
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
IOC World Bird Names, version 4.1:
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
IOC World Bird Names, version 4.2:
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
IOC World Bird Names, version 4.3:
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
IOC World Bird Names, version 4.4:
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
IOC World Bird Names, version 5.1:
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
IOC World Bird Names, version 5.2:
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
IOC World Bird Names, version 5.3:
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
IOC World Bird Names, version 5.4:
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
IOC World Bird Names, version 6.1:
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
IOC World Bird Names, version 6.2:
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
IOC World Bird Names, version 6.3:
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
IOC World Bird Names, version 6.4:
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
IOC World Bird Names, version 7.1:
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
IOC World Bird Names, version 7.2:
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
IOC World Bird Names, version 7.3:
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
IOC World Bird Names, version 8.1:
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
IOC World Bird Names, version 8.2:
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
IOC World Bird Names, version 9.1:
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
IOC World Bird Names, version 9.2:
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
IOC World Bird Names, version 10.1:
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
IOC World Bird Names, version 10.2:
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
Morony, Bock and Farrand:
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
Oriental Bird Club:
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
James Lee Peters:
Pagophila eburnea
James Lee Peters (original):
Pagophila eburnea
James Lee Peters (2nd edition):
Pagophila eburnea
Sibley and Monroe (1993):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
Sibley and Monroe (1993, including corrections up to 1998):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
Sibley and Monroe 2nd edition (1996):
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
Working Group Avian Checklists, version 0.01:
Ivory Gull ( Pagophila eburnea)
Zoonomen - Zoological Nomenclature Resource:
Pagophila eburnea
Zoonomen - Zoological Nomenclature Resource:
Pagophila eburnea

Situació Taxonòmica:

Estatus de l'espècie: full species

Els vostres avistaments

Heu de tenir iniciat la sessió per veure els detalls d'observació. Per registrar-vos a myAvibase feu clic aquí .

Taxons relacionats

Highlight taxa in a checklist (shown in red)

Altres sinònims


Català: Gavina d'ivori, Gavina rosada
Valencian: Gavina rosada
Txec: Racek bílý, racek snéžní, racek sněžní, Racek snežný
Gallès: Gwylan ifori
Danès: Ismåge
Alemany: Elfenbeinmowe, Elfenbeinmöwe
Anglès: Ivory Gull
English (IOC): Ivory Gull
Esperanto: eburmevo
Espanyol: Gaviota marfil, Gaviota Marfileña
Spanish (Spain): Gaviota Marfileña
Spanish (HBW): Gaviota marfileña
Estonià: vandelkajakas
Finès: Jäälokki
Feroès: Ísmási
Francès: Goéland blanc, Goéland sénateur, Mouette blanche, Mouette ivoire, Mouvette ivoire
Frisó: Ivoarmiuw
Irlandès: Faoileán Eabhartha
Hebreu: שחף שנהב
Croat: Bijeli galeb
Hongarès: Fehér sirály, hósirály
Islandès: Ísmáfur
Italià: Gabbiano d'avorio, Gabbiano eburneo, Gabiano ebureno
Inuktitut: Naajavaarsuk, Nowyaharsuk
Japonès: zōge kamome, Zoge-kamome, zougekamome, Zouge-kamome
japonès: ゾウゲカモメ
Japanese (Kanji): 象牙鴎
Groenlandès: Naajavaarsuk
Coreà: 북극흰갈매기
científic: Gavia alba, Larus eburnea, Larus eburneus, Pagophila alba, Pagophila eburnea
Lituà: Snieginis kiras
Letó: sniega kaija
Mongol: Цагаан цахлай
Holandès: Ivoormeeuw
Noruec: Ismåse
Noruec: Ismåke, Spitsbergmåke
Polonès: mewa modrodzioba
Pinyin: bái-ōu, xiàngyá ōu
Portuguès: Gaivota-marfim
Portuguese (Portugal): Gaivota-marfim
Romansh: muetta d'ivur, Muetta ivur
Rus: Belaya Chayka, Белая чайка, Чайка белая
Northern Sami: Ábirievssat
Eslovac: Čajka biela
Eslovè: beli galeb
Serbi: Beli galeb, Бели галеб
Suec: Ismås
Turc: Ak Martı
Tuvinian: Ак ак-кускун
Ucraïnès: Мартин білий
Xinès: [bai-ou], 白鸥, 象牙鸥
Chinese (Traditional): 白鷗, 象牙鷗

Avibase ha rebut 316.420.023 visites des del 24 de juny de 2003. © Denis Lepage | normes de confidencialitat La traducció i adaptació d'aquesta pàgina al català ha sigut realitzada per Joan Carles Fernández-Ordóñez